1. The Use and Abuse of Psychoactive Drugs Chapter 9

2. A drug which alters a person’s experiences or consciousnessA drug which alters a person’s experiences or consciousness Can cause intoxicationsCan cause intoxications –A state in which sometimes unpredictable physical and emotional changes occur. 2

3. Habits that have gotten out of control, with a resulting negative effect on a persons health.Habits that have gotten out of control, with a resulting negative effect on a persons health. Addiction is the habitual use of a drug produced chemical changes in the user’s body.Addiction is the habitual use of a drug produced chemical changes in the user’s body. Drug Addiction (four important characteristics)Drug Addiction (four important characteristics) 1.Compulsive desire 2.Need to increase the dosage 3.Harmful effects to the individual 4.Harm to society Drug Habituation (habit)Drug Habituation (habit) 3

4. ReinforcementReinforcement Compulsion or CravingCompulsion or Craving Loss of ControlLoss of Control EscalationEscalation Negative ConsequencesNegative Consequences 4

5. Often starts to bring pleasure or to avoid pain.Often starts to bring pleasure or to avoid pain. Harmless or even beneficial if done in moderationHarmless or even beneficial if done in moderation Examples of addictive behaviors:Examples of addictive behaviors: –Gambling –Compulsive Exercising –Work Addiction –Sex and love addiction –Compulsive buying or shopping –Internet addiction Characteristics of people with additionCharacteristics of people with addition 5

6. Drugs are chemicals other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the bodyDrugs are chemicals other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the body –Prescription medicines –Over-the-counter substances CaffeineCaffeine TobaccoTobacco AlcoholAlcohol –Illegal substances The Drug TraditionThe Drug Tradition 6

7. The APA’s Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – authoritative referenceThe APA’s Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – authoritative reference AbuseAbuse –APA definition Failure to fulfill major responsibilitiesFailure to fulfill major responsibilities Drug use in situations that are hazardousDrug use in situations that are hazardous Drug related legal problems Drug related legal problems Drug use despite persistent social or interpersonal problemsDrug use despite persistent social or interpersonal problems –Physically dependent may or may not present 7

8. Substance dependenceSubstance dependence 1. Developing tolerance to the substance 2. Experiencing withdrawal 3. Taking in larger amounts 4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut down 5. Spending great deal of time obtaining 6. Giving up or reducing important activities 7. Continual usage even with recognition of a problem Diagnosed with at least 3 or more symptoms during a 12-month periodDiagnosed with at least 3 or more symptoms during a 12-month period 8

11. All income and education levelsAll income and education levels All ethnic groupsAll ethnic groups All agesAll ages Young people are at a higher riskYoung people are at a higher risk Males (Twice as likely)Males (Twice as likely) Troubled adolescentTroubled adolescent Thrill-seekerThrill-seeker Dysfunctional familiesDysfunctional families Peer group or family that acceptsPeer group or family that accepts Low Socioeconomical statusLow Socioeconomical status Dating youngDating young 11

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13. ExperimentExperiment EscapeEscape RelianceReliance Residence issues magnifyResidence issues magnify the problem 13

14. Psychological risksPsychological risks –Difficulty in controlling impulses –Strong need for excitement –Feelings of rejection –Hostility –Aggression –Anxiety –Mental illness –Dual (co-occurring disorders) 14

15. Social FactorsSocial Factors –Growing up in a family with drug abuse –Peer group –Poverty 15

16. IntoxicationIntoxication Side effectsSide effects Unknown Drug constituentsUnknown Drug constituents Risks associated with injectionRisks associated with injection Legal consequencesLegal consequences 16

17.  Changes in Brain chemistry  Drug factors: –Pharmacological properties –Dose-Response function –Time-action function –Drug use history –Method of use  User Factors  Social Factors 17

18. Chapter NinePsychoactive Drugs 18

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20. Opioids (narcotics)Opioids (narcotics) –Natural or synthetic Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine,. Hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and fentanlyOpium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine,. Hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and fentanly –Induce euphoria –Methods of administration Injection, snorting, sniffing or smokingInjection, snorting, sniffing or smoking –Symptoms of overdose 20

21. Psychoactive Drugs Central Nervous System DepressantsCentral Nervous System Depressants –Sedative-hypnotics –Effects on the body –Types-Barbiturates (Seconal, Nembutal), Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax, Rohypnol), Methaqualone, GHB –Effects-reduce anxiety & cause mood changes, drowsiness or sleep –Medical uses –Big problem with pain clinics in SE Texas (2006-7) – especially Orange (5-7 clinics in city with only 20,000 pop. – – 3 drug problem – Xanax (benzodiazepine), –Vicodin (synthetic opiate), Soma (muscle relaxer). – 2005–5 overdose deaths in Jeff. Cnty, 2006 – 58 overdose deaths –New laws and better enforcement have helped reduce this problem –Prescription drug abuse is considered the first or second biggest drug problem in S.E. Texas

22. Speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular systemSpeed up the activity of the nervous or muscular system –Cocaine Methods of useMethods of use EffectsEffects Abuse and DependenceAbuse and Dependence Use during pregnancyUse during pregnancy 22

23. COCAINE PROBABLY THE MOST POWERFULLY ADDICTIVE OF THE ILLICIT DRUGS. IT IS A STIMULANT DRUG. GROWN IN BOLIVIA AND PERU ONCE USED AS A LOCAL ANESTHETIC BY DENTISTS VERY EXPENSIVE TO USE RELATIVELY SHORT ACTING IF SNORTED, GIVES A FEELING OF EXCITEMENT & OPTIMISM PROGRESSION – CHEWING LEAVES, SNORTING COCAINE, FREE BASING, SMOKING CRACK HAS BEEN KNOWN TO CAUSE SUDDEN DEATH PROBLEMS WITH COCAINE – VERY HARD ON C.V. SYSTEM, LIVER DAMAGE, IMMUNE FUNCTION DAMAGE, IMPOTENCE, CRACK BABIES, CRIME BIGGEST OVERALL DRUG PROBLEM IN U.S.

24. AmphetaminesAmphetamines EffectsEffects From use to abuseFrom use to abuse –State dependence DependenceDependence –Psychosis –Ritalin –Ephedrine –Caffeine –Methamphetamines – biggest problem 24

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26. Cannabis SativaCannabis Sativa THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) Short term effects and usesShort term effects and uses –Depersonalization Long-term effects and usesLong-term effects and uses –Respiratory damage DependenceDependence 26

27. MARIJUANA GROWS NATURALLY IN MANY PLACES IN U.S. FIRST USED AS ROPE IN AMERICA MAJOR ACTIVE CHEMICAL IS THC, WHICH IS FAT SOLUBLE THE CONCENTRATION OF THC IN MARIJUANA IS MUCH HIGHER TODAY THAN YEARS AGO EFFECTS AT LOW DOSES SIMILAR TO ALCOHOL, ALSO IMPAIRS SHORT TERM MEMORY, CAUSES EYES TO REDDEN, INCREASES HUNGER MEDICAL USES – REDUCTION OF NAUSEA ASSOCIATED WITH CHEMOTHERAPY (VERY CONTROVERSIAL), HELPS STIMULATE HUNGER, REDUCES EYE PRESSURE, OTHERS. 13 STATES HAVE LEGALIZED MEDICAL MARIJUANA USE (IT IS AGAINST FEDERAL LAWS) LONG TERM EFFECTS – LUNG DAMAGE, OTHERS PROBABLE – AMOTIVATIONAL SYNDROME, IMMUNE SYSTEM DAMAGE, OTHERS ? CONTROVERSY OVER LEGALIZATION GATEWAY DRUG

28. Altered state of consciousness, perceptions, feelings and thoughtsAltered state of consciousness, perceptions, feelings and thoughts LSD, Mascaline, DMT, MDMA, Ketamine, PCP (angel dust), and certain mushroomsLSD, Mascaline, DMT, MDMA, Ketamine, PCP (angel dust), and certain mushrooms –Altered states of consciousness –Impact on proprioception SynesthiaSynesthia FlashbacksFlashbacks 28

29. –Nearly all inhalants produce effects similar to those of anesthetics, slow down the bodies functions –Volatile solvents –Nitrates –Anesthetics –Methods of use SniffingSniffing SnortingSnorting “Bagging”“Bagging” “Huffing”“Huffing” 29

30. Drug researchDrug research Drugs, society, and familiesDrugs, society, and families LegalizationLegalization Drug TestingDrug Testing 30

31. Drug Testing It is estimated that 10% of the workforce use psychoactive drugsIt is estimated that 10% of the workforce use psychoactive drugs Dangers are great in specific job assignments that all workers should be tested regularlyDangers are great in specific job assignments that all workers should be tested regularly Most drug tests involve a urine testMost drug tests involve a urine test Due to the accuracy of tests improving over the years, there are fewer opportunities to cheat or to yield false resultsDue to the accuracy of tests improving over the years, there are fewer opportunities to cheat or to yield false results The FDA now has approved home kits for parents to check their children for drug useThe FDA now has approved home kits for parents to check their children for drug use

32. Medication-assisted treatmentMedication-assisted treatment –Drug substitution Treatment centersTreatment centers Self-help groups and peer counselingSelf-help groups and peer counseling –AA –NA Harm reduction strategiesHarm reduction strategies CodependencyCodependency 32

33. Codependence Applies to those who are close to the individual who is addicted to somethingApplies to those who are close to the individual who is addicted to something Focused upon protecting or coping with the addictFocused upon protecting or coping with the addict Lose their sense of identity due to becoming unaware of their own feelingsLose their sense of identity due to becoming unaware of their own feelings

34. Governmental attemptsGovernmental attempts Anti-drug education programsAnti-drug education programs Indirect approachesIndirect approaches –Young people’s self-esteem –Improve academic skills –Increase recreational opportunities Direct approachesDirect approaches –Information about the adverse effects –Peer pressure resistance 34

35. IssuesIssues –What are the risks involved? –Is using the drug compatible with your goals? –What are your ethical beliefs about drug use? –What are the financial costs? –Are you trying to solve deeper problem? 35

36. Bored?Bored? Stressed?Stressed? Shy or lonely?Shy or lonely? Feeling low on self-esteem?Feeling low on self-esteem? Depressed or anxious?Depressed or anxious? Apathetic or lethargic?Apathetic or lethargic? Searching for meaning?Searching for meaning? Afraid to say no?Afraid to say no? Still feeling peer pressure?Still feeling peer pressure? 36