1. Dependence and Addiction!! Psychology 3506

2. Introduction When people first thought about it (and until relatively recently) drug taking behaviour just seemed odd When people first thought about it (and until relatively recently) drug taking behaviour just seemed odd Not avoiding painNot avoiding pain Doesn’t affect all people the same wayDoesn’t affect all people the same way You don’t ‘need’ itYou don’t ‘need’ it Aha! You must be an immoral pig, probably with little willpower. You are a bad person you junkie lowlife Aha! You must be an immoral pig, probably with little willpower. You are a bad person you junkie lowlife

3. The Disease Model Oh perhaps it is not a problem with your character or morality Oh perhaps it is not a problem with your character or morality Ahh, yes, it is a disease Ahh, yes, it is a disease Or a disorder as we say todayOr a disorder as we say today Started with alcoholism Started with alcoholism What is the disease mechanism? What is the disease mechanism? But it is genetic! But it is genetic! So whatSo what

4. Physical Dependence Model Withdrawal (from morphine) caused by ‘autotoxin’ Withdrawal (from morphine) caused by ‘autotoxin’ Found to be lacking, but, the idea stuck. Found to be lacking, but, the idea stuck. Indeed, still VERY popular Indeed, still VERY popular Accounts for the ‘abnormality’ of it all Accounts for the ‘abnormality’ of it all Can be combined with the disease model Can be combined with the disease model

5. Physical Dependence Model Only Depressants? Only Depressants? Tatum and Seevers (1931) added habituationTatum and Seevers (1931) added habituation Problem is, that stimulants, for the most part, don’t produce withdrawal symptoms Problem is, that stimulants, for the most part, don’t produce withdrawal symptoms Hmm, Let’s invent a new idea! Hmm, Let’s invent a new idea!

6. Psychological Dependence When you need a drug, but don’t need a drug When you need a drug, but don’t need a drug When you crave a drug When you crave a drug CircularCircular Biggest problems: Biggest problems: Continual abuse with drugs that do NOT produce withdrawalContinual abuse with drugs that do NOT produce withdrawal Addiction without dependenceAddiction without dependence

7. Positive Reinforcement Model People used to think you couldn’t get animals addicted People used to think you couldn’t get animals addicted Not moralNot moral Can’t get the diseaseCan’t get the disease Catheter Catheter Work for drug Work for drug (Thompson and Shuster, 1964)(Thompson and Shuster, 1964)

8. How does it work? Seems circular, until you realize that we know what a reinforcer is not just from operational definition, but from physiology Seems circular, until you realize that we know what a reinforcer is not just from operational definition, but from physiology Dopamine hypothesis Dopamine hypothesis VTA -> MFB -> ACCVTA -> MFB -> ACC Morphine to PVG leads to dependence, to ACC, does not! Morphine to PVG leads to dependence, to ACC, does not!

9. Animals and us aren’t so different after all…. Shuster’s other work Shuster’s other work Rats will work for drugs not causing withdrawalRats will work for drugs not causing withdrawal Rats will work for drugs without dependence!Rats will work for drugs without dependence! Is hard to get them to take things orally though Is hard to get them to take things orally though Pickens and Thompson (1968) found that drug use follows the laws of learning! Pickens and Thompson (1968) found that drug use follows the laws of learning!

10. So you are saying it is just conditioning? Well, umm Yes Well, umm Yes Explains the paradox of positive and negative effects of drugs Explains the paradox of positive and negative effects of drugs Choice in taking a drug depends on other available reinforcers Choice in taking a drug depends on other available reinforcers Hayman says it follows the matching law!Hayman says it follows the matching law!

11. Behavioural Economics Basically applying the ‘laws’ of economics to behaivour Basically applying the ‘laws’ of economics to behaivour Elasticity of demand is a biggie Elasticity of demand is a biggie Caroll’s (1993) data on PCP Caroll’s (1993) data on PCP Demand changed from elastic to inelastic, depending on price.Demand changed from elastic to inelastic, depending on price. Inelastic at low pricesInelastic at low prices

12. Carroll (1993) Different prices (number of responses) for drug Different prices (number of responses) for drug Demand inelastic, until it gets expensive Demand inelastic, until it gets expensive If there is something else available (saccharin in this case) the monkeys will switch to it (substitution) If there is something else available (saccharin in this case) the monkeys will switch to it (substitution)

13. Conclusions Drug taking behaviour can be easily modeled using animals Drug taking behaviour can be easily modeled using animals We all follow the laws of learningWe all follow the laws of learning Not all drugs will be self administered by all animals, so be careful Not all drugs will be self administered by all animals, so be careful