1. Abnormal Psychology, Twelfth Edition DSM-5 Update
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical Review
Abnormal Psychology, Twelfth Edition DSM-5 Update
by Ann M. Kring,
Sheri L. Johnson,
Gerald C. Davison,
& John M. Neale
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Chapter Outline Chapter 1: Introduction and Historical Review
4/21/2017
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduction and Historical
Review
I. Introduction to the Study of Mental Disorders
II. History of Psychopathology
III. The Evolution of Contemporary Thought
IV. The Mental Health Professions
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3. Psychopathology
Study of the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders
Challenges to the study of psychopathology:
Maintain objectivity
Avoid preconceived notions
Reduce stigma
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4. Figure 1.1: Four Characteristics of Stigma
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5. Labeling
Rosenhan
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6. Stigma
In Medical News Today (MNT) Colleen L. Barry, PhD, MPP, an associate professor in the Department of Health Policy and Management at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health conducted a study regarding issues of persons with drug addictions and persons with mental health issues in the workplace.
Her findings were not surprising - respondents had a much higher negative opinion of those with drug addiction problems than those with mental illness. “Only 22 percent of respondents said they would be willing to work closely on a job with a person with drug addiction compared to 62 percent who said they would be willing to work with someone with mental illness.”
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7. Defining Mental Disorder
Personal Distress
The condition causes the individual distress
Emotional pain and suffering
Helplessness and hopelessness of depression
Disability
Impairment in a key area (e.g., work, relationships)
Chronic substance abuse results in job loss
Violation of Social Norms
Makes others uncomfortable or causes problems
Antisocial behavior of the psychopath
Dysfunction
Wakefield's Harmful Dysfunction: failure of internal mechanisms in the mind to function properly
Behavioral, psychological, and/or biological systems are impaired
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8. Defining Mental Disorder, DSM-5 Definition
The disorder occurs within the individual
It involves clinically significant difficulties in thinking, feeling, or behaving
It involves dysfunction in processes that support mental functioning
It is not a culturally specific reaction to an event (e.g. death of a loved one)
It is not primarily a result of social deviance or conflict with society
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9. Figure 1.2: Key Characteristics in the Definition of Mental Disorder
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10. History of Psychopathology
Early Demonology
Possession by evil beings or spirits
Exorcism
Early Biological Explanations
Hippocrates (5th century BC)
Mental disturbances have natural (not supernatural) causes (problems with the brain)
Three categories of mental disorders: mania, melancholia, & phrenitis (brain fever)
Normal brain functioning depended on balance of four humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, & phlegm
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11. History of Psychopathology: Dark Ages
Dark Ages (2nd century AD)
Monks cared and prayed for mentally ill
Witches (13th century AD)
Torture sometimes led to bizarre delusional sounding confessions, e.g., concourse with demons.
Initially, historians concluded many of the accused were mentally ill.
Further research found little support for this conclusion.
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12. History of Psychopathology: Lunacy Trials
Trials held to determine sanity
Began in 13th century England
Municipal authorities assumed responsibility for care of mentally ill
Lunacy attributes insanity to misalignment of moon (“luna”) and stars
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13. History of Psychopathology: Asylums
Asylums (15th century AD)
Establishments for the confinement and care of mentally ill
Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem (founded in 1243)
One of the first mental institutions
The wealthy paid to gape at the insane
Origin of the term bedlam (wild uproar or confusion)
Treatment non-existent or harmful at asylums
Benjamin Rush recommended drawing copious amounts of blood, to relieve brain pressure
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14. History of Psychopathology: Pinel’s Reforms and Moral Treatment
Philippe Pinel ( )
Pioneered humanitarian treatment at LaBicetre
Moral Treatment
Small, privately funded, humanitarian mental hospitals
Friends Asylum (1817)
Patients engaged in purposeful, calming activities (e.g., gardening)
Talked with attendants
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15. History of Psychopathology: Dorothea Dix
Crusader for prisoners and mentally ill
Urged improvement of institutions
Worked to establish 32 new, public hospitals
Unfortunately, small staffs at these new public hospitals could not provide necessary individual attention
Hospitals administered by physicians, who were more interested in biological rather than psychological aspects of mental illness
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16. The Evolution of Contemporary Thought: Biological Approaches
General paresis and Syphilis
Degenerative disorder with psychological symptoms (delusions of grandeur) and physical symptoms (progressive paralysis)
By mid-1800’s, it was known that general paresis and syphilis occurred together in some patients
In 1905, biological cause of syphilis found
Since general paresis had biological cause, other mental illness might also
Biological causes of psychopathology gained credibility
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17. The Evolution of Contemporary Thought : Genetics
Galton’s ( ) work lead to notion that mental illness can be inherited
Nature (genetics) and nurture (environment)
Eugenics
Promotion of enforced sterilization to eliminate undesirable characteristics from the population
Many state laws required mentally ill to be sterilized
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18. Early Biological Treatments
Insulin-coma therapy
Sakel (1930’s)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Cerletti and Bini (1938)
Induce epileptic seizures with electric shock
Prefrontal lobotomy
Moniz (1935)
Often used to control violent behaviors; led to listlessness, apathy, and loss of cognitive abilities
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19. ECT
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20. The Evolution of Contemporary Thought: Psychological Approaches
Mesmer ( )
Treated patients with hysteria using “animal magnetism”
Early practitioner of hypnosis
Charcot ( ) (neurologist)
His support legitimizes hypnosis as treatment for hysteria
Breuer ( ) (Viennese physician)
Used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis in Anna O.
Cathartic Method
Release of emotional tension triggered by reliving and talking about event
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21. Freud
Breuer and Freud ( ) jointly publish, “Studies in Hysteria” in 1895, which serves as the basis for Freud’s theory.
Freudian or Psychoanalytic theory
Human behavior determined by unconscious forces.
Psychopathology results from conflicts among these unconscious forces.
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22. Freud’s Structures of the MindId
Unconscious
Pleasure principle
Immediate gratification
Libido
Energy of ID
Ego
Primarily conscious
Reality principle
Attempt to satisfy ID’s demands within reality’s constraints
Superego
The conscience
Develops as we incorporate parental and society values
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23. Defense Mechanisms Id, Ego, & Superego continually in conflict
Conflict generates anxiety
Ego generates strategies to protect itself from anxiety
Defense mechanisms
Psychological maneuvers used to manage stress & anxiety
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24. Table 1.2: Selected Defense Mechanisms
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25. Psychoanalytic Therapy
Goals of Psychoanalytic Therapy or Psychoanalysis
Understand early-childhood experiences, particularly key (parental) relationships
Understand patterns in current relationships
Psychoanalytic Techniques
Free Association
Analysis of Transference
Interpretation
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26. Table 1.3: Major Techniques of Psychoanalysis
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27. Neo-Freudians Jung (1875-1961) Adler (1870-1937) Analytical psychology
Collective unconscious
Archetypes
Catalogued personality characteristics
Extraversion vs. Introversion
Adler ( )
Individual psychology
Fulfillment derived from working for the social good
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28. Continuing Influences of Freud and His Followers
Childhood experiences help shape adult personality
There are unconscious influences on behavior (most today don’t emphasize id instincts)
The causes and purposes of behavior are not always obvious.
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29. The Evolution of Contemporary Thought: Rise of Behaviorism
John Watson ( )
Behaviorism
Focus on observable behavior
Emphasis on learning rather than thinking or innate tendencies
Three types of learning:
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Modeling
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30. Classical Conditioning
Discovered by Pavlov ( )
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Meat powder (automatically elicits salivation)
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Salivation (automatic response to meat powder)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Initial ringing of bell (does not automatically elicit salivation)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
After pairing the NS and the UCS, the NS becomes a CS (bell now automatically elicits salivation)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Salivation (automatic response to bell)
Extinction
CS (bell) not followed by UCS (meat powder) causes gradual disappearance of CR (salivation)
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31. Figure 1.3: The process of classical conditioning
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32. Operant Conditioning E. Thorndike (1874-1949) B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
Learning through consequences
Law of Effect
Behavior that is followed by satisfying consequences will be repeated; behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
B.F. Skinner ( )
Principle of Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
Behaviors followed by pleasant stimuli are strengthened
Negative reinforcement
Behaviors that terminate a negative stimulus are strengthened
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33. Modeling Learning by watching and imitating others’ behaviors
Can occur without reinforcement
Bandura & Menlove (1968)
Modeling reduced children’s fear of dogs
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34. Behavior Therapy Behavior Therapy or Behavior Modification
Systematic Desensitization
Used to treat phobias and anxiety
Combines deep muscle relaxation and gradual exposure to the feared condition or object
Starts with minimal anxiety producing condition and gradually progresses to most feared
Intermittent Reinforcement
Rewarding a behavior only occasionally more effective than continuous schedules of reinforcement
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35. Importance of Cognitions
Limitations of Behavior Therapy
How we think or appraise a situation influences our feelings and behaviors
Cognitive Therapy
Emphasize how people think about themselves and their experiences can be a major determinant of psychopathology
Focus on understanding maladaptive thoughts
Change cognitions to change feelings and behaviors
Ellis ( )
REBT (Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy)
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36. Mental Health Professions
Psychologists
Clinical or Counseling
Ph. D. or Psy. D.
Psychiatrists
M.D.’s can prescribe psychotropic medications
Psychiatric Nurses and Psychiatric Nurses Practitioners
Nurse Practitioners can prescribe psychotropic medications
Social Workers
M.S.W.
Not trained in psychological assessment
Master’s Level Therapists & Counselors
MFT’s (Marriage and Family Therapists)
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37. COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the copyright owner.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.