1. Linking Ozone Layer Protection, Climate Change and Energy Efficiency Caribbean Ozone Officers Meeting Antigua and Barbuda 1 – 4 March 2011 Carlos Fuller Deputy Director

2. The Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre Endorsed by the CARICOM Heads of Government in July 2002 An intergovernmental specialized agency of CARICOM with an independent management that is guided by The CARICOM Council of Trade and Economic Development (COTED) on policy matters. A board of directors with responsibility for strategic planning. A technical secretariat headed by an Executive Director with responsibility for tactical planning. The Centre is mandated to coordinate the regional response to climate change and its efforts to manage and adapt to its projected impacts. The Centre possesses full juridical personality. Financially independent  Operational since January 2004 January 2004  Located in Belmopan, Belize Belmopan, Belize

3. Members ● Antigua and Barbuda ● Bahamas ● Barbados ● Belize ● Dominica ● Grenada ● Guyana ● Haiti ● Jamaica ● Suriname ● Saint Lucia ● St. Kitts and Nevis ● St. Vincent & the Grenadines ● Trinidad and Tobago

4. Functional Organogram

5. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ● Ultimate Objective: “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system…within a timeframe sufficient to allow eco-systems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.”

6. UNFCCC – Developed Countries ● Commitment - To return individually or jointly to their 1990 levels of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) by 2000 ● In fact, their emissions have risen ● Developing countries have no such commitment

7. Kyoto Protocol ● Parties included in Annex I (developed countries) shall reduce their overall emissions of GHGs by at least 5% below their 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012 ● Came into effect on 16 February 2005 when 50 Parties representing 55% of global GHG emissions ratified  US withdrew

8. Greenhouse Gases (GHG) ● Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) ● Methane (CH 4 ) ● Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) ● Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) ● Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) ● Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 )

9. Sectors/Source Categories ● Energy ● Forestry ● Industrial Processes ● Agriculture ● Waste ● Solvent and other product use

10. Flexibility Mechanisms ● Joint Implementation (Article 4) ● Emissions Trading (Article 6) ● Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (Article 12)

11. Purpose of the CDM (Article 12.2) ● To assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development and achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention ● To assist developed countries in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments

12. However… ● Jamaica only CARICOM country hosting a CDM project  Wind energy ● Emissions from CARICOM Members very low: 62,896,000 metric tons of CO 2 equivalent in 2007  Caribbean: 0.29% of global emissions  Trinidad & Tobago: 0.13% of global emissions  Dominica: <0.01% of global emissions

13. Estimate of GHG Emissions in the Caribbean in 2007 Global RankingCountry CO 2 Emissions (thousands of metric tons) Global Percentage (%) 69Trinidad and Tobago37,0370.13 86Jamaica13,9640.05 135Suriname2,4390.01 138Haiti2,3980.01 143Bahamas2,1490.01 151Guyana1,5070.01 154Barbados1,346<0.01 177Antigua and Barbuda436<0.01 178Belize425<0.01 182Saint Lucia381<0.01 186St. Kitts and Nevis249<0.01 187Grenada242<0.01 190St. Vincent and the Grenadines202<0.01 200Dominica121<0.01

14. CDM DNA Capacity Building Project ● Pilot component ● Belize, Cuba and Trinidad &Tobago executed nationally ● Regional component  Training workshops  Develop 3 CDM Programme of Activities (PoA) project concepts PINs and PDDs  Raise awareness of CDM

15. PoAs ● Low emissions ● Small countries ● Small populations ● Small economies ● Low levels of industrialization ● Result: SMALL PROJECTS ● ANSWER: Bundling projects: Programmatic CDM

16. Opportunities ● Rural Electrification ● Demand side Management: Conversion of incandescent light bulbs to compact fluorescent ● Municipal electrification by solar power ● Tourism sector ● Sanitary landfills ● Afforestation and reforestation

17. Kyoto Protocol ● First Commitment Period: 2008- 2012 ● Art. 3.9: CMP shall initiate consideration of commitments for subsequent periods at least 7 years before the end of the first commitment period ● 2005: CMP established the AWG-KP to define “subsequent commitment period(s), targets, …) ● Negotiations commenced …  New commitment period(s)  New gases?  New sectors? ● International aviation and marine transport  New Parties? ● What to do about the USA? ● No agreement yet…

18. Future? ● EU will purchase credits from any projects initiated prior to 31 December 2012 ● Japan will purchase credits post 2012 ● EU will purchase credits from LDCs post 2012 for European Trading Scheme (ETS) ● Voluntary markets will continue ● Mechanisms in Kyoto Protocol incorporated in any new instrument

19. RESPONSES ● MITIGATION -  taking measures to reduce GHG emissions into the atmosphere. Present conc. Of GHG at about 387 ppm – need to get global emissions down to about 350ppm to avoid “runaway CC” ● Adaptation –  taking measures to lessen the impacts of CC on e.g. agriculture, infrastructure, buildings, health, water. ● Montreal Protocol to phase out ODS

20. OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES ● ChloroFlouroCarbons –CFCs ● HydroChloroFlouroCarbons –HCFCs ● Methyl Chloroform ● Halons – Bromine,Flourine, Carbon ● Methyl Bromide ● Carbon Tetrachloride HydroFlouroCarbons(HFCs) & PerFlouroCarbons(PFCs) thought to be good replacements for ODS but are effective GHGs

21. Montreal Protocol & Climate Change ● Since 1990 Carbon mitigation benefits of the Ozone Treaty equivalent of 135 billion tons carbon dioxide – effect delay of global warming of 7-12 yrs. (2007) ● UNEP Executive Director – re phasing out of HFCs – action to freeze and then reduce this group of gases could buy the world the equivalent of a decades worth of carbon dioxide emissions ● HCFC phase out has potential to produce significant climate benefits at low cost.

22. Caribbean Regional Climate Change Policy ● Climate Change and the Caribbean: A Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change (2009-2015) ● Approved by CARICOM Heads of Government in May 2009 ● 4 strategic elements ● National consultations for regional action plan underway

23. The Framework ● Strategic Element 1: Mainstream climate change adaptation strategies into the sustainable development agendas  Goal 6: Reduce the region’s carbon footprint through the promotion of energy efficiency measures. ● Caribbean uses 200% more energy per unit of GDP compared to best practices ● Opportunities in lighting, cooling, transportation and industrial production

24. The Framework ● Strategic Element 2: Promote actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through fossil fuel reduction and conservation and switching to renewable and cleaner energy sources  Goal 1: Promote the use of renewable energy resources  Goal 2: Support the assessment of wind potential to supply electricity  Goal 3: Support the development of innovative financing mechanisms for the deployment of solar water heaters  Goal 4: Assess the feasibility of converting waste to energy  Goal 5: Assess the economic viability of environmental impact of shore-based Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants

25. The Framework ● Strategic Element 4: Promote actions to derive social, economic and environmental benefits from the prudent management of standing forests  Goal 1: Promote the adoption of best practices for sustainable forest management  Goal 2: Engage in negotiations with international partners to mobilize resources for the protection of standing forests  Goal 3: Undertake research aimed at improving current methodologies for estimating carbon sequestration rates in tropical forests

26. GREEN BUILDINGS ● Design for  Efficient lighting ● Compact fluorescent bulbs generate less heat  Efficient cooling ● reflective roofs ● ventilation ● Materials use  Reusable  Renewable (wood)  Recyclabe

27. GREEN BUILDINGS ● Design for maximum ventilation – high ceilings, open verandahs,shading etc. Unfortunately security considerations have had significant impact on modern designs – “Barricade mentality” ● Solar water heating, solar cooling. ● Photovoltaic technology ● Water conservation devices –waterless composting toilets ● Recycling grey water ● Energy conservation (demand & supply side management)

28. ENERGY ● Supply side management  Renewables – wind, solar, geothermal, hydro, cogeneration (Bagasse), landfill gas  Increased efficiency in generating plant – decrease transmission costs  Policy framework to facilitate private generation ● Demand side management ● Energy efficient appliances ● Energy saving bulbs ● Energy saving devices e.g hotel rooms ● Behavioral changes – efficiency measures

29. Planning Measures ● Assignments of new setback limits and enforce ● Shoreline vegetation –mangrove restoration, conservation of wetlands ● Elevation of building ● Prohibit building in hazard zones ● Slope stabilisation ● Green transport

30. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IS NOT ONLY AN ENVIRONMENTAL NECESSITY IT MAKES ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SENSE

31. CARBON NEUTRAL TOURISM PROJECT IN THE CARIBBEAN ● Funding by the Inter-American Development Bank ● Pilots in Bahamas, Belize, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago ● Adapt ISO methodology to the Caribbean ● Train national auditors in use of new methodology ● Ultimate objective: Branding Caribbean Tourism as Green Destination

32. Cancun Agreements ● No decision yet on the Kyoto Protocol ● Ad Hoc Working Group on Long Term Commitments (AWG-LCA)  All countries undertake mitigation actions (Funding & technology to be provided)  Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) to achieve deviation below BAU by 2020  US$30 billion: 2010-2012 for adaptation and mitigation  US$100 billion: by 2020 for mitigation  Support to be provided for REDD+

33. Contact Information ● Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC), Lawrence Nicholas Building, PO Box 563, Ring Road, Belmopan, Belize ● www.caribbeanclimate.bz www.caribbeanclimate.bz ● cfuller@caribbeanclimate.bz cfuller@caribbeanclimate.bz ● cfuller@btl.net cfuller@btl.net