1. Chapter 28 The Reproductive System

2. 100 keys, pg. 1038 “Meiosis produces gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. For each cell entering meiosis, the testes produce four spermatozoa, whereas the ovaries produce a single ovum.”

3. male anatomy and hormones female anatomy and hormones female cycles fertility/contraception/birth control

4. Hermes

5. male site of spermatogenesis seminiferous tubules in testes begins after puberty continues throughout life

6. male spermatogoniadivide mitotically begins meiosis I prophase I metaphase I anaphase I telophase I with cytokinesis primary spematocyte 2 secondary spermatocytes

7. male 2 secondary spermatocytes begins meiosis II prophase II metaphase II anaphase II telophase II with cytokinesis 4 spermatids

8. male 4 spermatids 4 spermatozoa spermiogenesis

9. fig 28-8

10. fig 28-7

11. male hormones LHacts on interstitial cells testosterone FSHacts on Sertoli cells promotes spermatogenesis testosteroneregulates spermatogenesis 2º sex. char.

12. 100 keys, pg. 1039 “Spermatogenesis begins at puberty and continues until relatively late in life (past age 70). It is a continuous process, and all stages of meiosis can be observed within the seminiferous tubule.” (it takes over 2 months from beginning to end)

13. Aphrodites

14. female site of oogenesis within follicles in the ovary begins before birtharrested until later continues cyclically from puberty to ~50 menstrual cycle menopause

15. female oogoniadivide mitotically begins meiosis I prophase I arrested here before birth primary oocyte metaphase I anaphase I telophase I with cytokinesis 2º oocyte + polar body

16. female secondary oocyte begins meiosis II prophase II metaphase II(another arrest) anaphase II telophase II with cytokinesis 1 ovum+ 2 nd polar body

17. fig. 28-15

18. female hormones LHluteinizing hormone FSHfollicle stimulating hormone promotes maturation of follicles progesterone promotes development of corpus luteum estrogen rebuild endometrium 2º sex. char. prepare/maintain endometrium

19. 100 keys, pg. 1052 “Oogenesis begins during embryonic development, and primary oocyte production is completed before birth. Each month after puberty, the ovarian cycle produces one or more secondary oocytes form the pre- existing population of primary oocytes. The number of variable and responsive primary oocytes declines markedly over time, until the ovarian cycles end at age 45-55.”

20. the menstrual cycle proliferatory phase day 0 mensessecretory phase fig. 28-26e 2814

21. the menstrual cycle day 0 fig. 28-26b, c 2814 luteal phase follicular phase

22. the menstrual cycle day 0 fig. 28-26c, d 2814 luteal phase follicular phase

23. the menstrual cycle day 0 fig. 28-26d, e 2814 luteal phase follicular phase

24. the menstrual cycle day 02814 fig. 28-26 luteal phase follicular phase

25. fig. 29-2 hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

26. the menstrual cycle day 02814 ovulation fertilization embryo implants hCG fig. 28-26

27. 100 keys, pg. 1065 “Cyclic changes in FSH and LH levels are responsible for the maintenance of the ovarian cycle; the hormones produced by the ovaries in turn regulate the uterine cycle. Inadequate hormone levels, inappropriate responses to circulating hormones, or poor coordination and timing of hormone production or secondary oocyte release will reduce or eliminate the chances of pregnancy.”

28. 100 keys, pg. 1067 “Sex hormones have widespread effects on the body. They affect brain development, and behavioral drives, muscle mass, bone mass and density, body proportions, and the patterns of hair and body fat distribution. As aging occurs, reductions in sex hormone levels affect appearance, strength, and a variety of physiological functions.”

29. FERTILIZED EGG (ZYGOTE) BLASTULA GASTRULA NEURULA FETUS NEWBORN SEXUAL MATURITY cleavage gastrulation neurulation organogenesis parturition growth and differentiation gametogenesis senescence EGG / SPERM d. 5 d. 16 w. 8 w. 38 w. 750 hollow ball three layers 3.5 weeks: brain forming heart beating Human Life “Cycle” w. 4321 R.I.P.

30. Unable to get pregnant after trying for one year agedecreased fertility with age anatomical blockagescar tissue (STD) low sperm counttemperature? environment? infertility

31. assisted reproduction assisted gamete production (hormones) artificial insemination In vitro fertilization…

32. Assisted reproduction assisted gamete productionhormones artificial insemination In vitro fertilization… surrogate pregnancylegal ?? adoption GIFT, ZIFT BABI

33. population growth control Population control Birth control operating at the level of the population “operate by preventing births one at a time”

34. population growth control Birth control before fertilization (conception) after fertilization aka., contraception

35. Timeline (this is your life): conceptionbirthdeath egg sperm 1 st 2 nd 3 rd contraception birth control

36. Contraception Abstinence Avoid sexual activity and you won’t get pregnant (or contract STD’s) Behavior (complete)

37. Contraception Abstinence Avoid sexual activity around the time of ovulation… Behavior Rhythm (complete) (partial)

38. Contraception Abstinence Coitus interputus Behavior Withdrawl (complete) (partial) Rhythm

39. Contraception Chemical: spermicides the “Pill”

40. Contraception Barriers: condoms diaphragm spermicides

41. Contraception Surgery: vasectomy tubal

42. egg sperm fertilization (conception) birth contraception birth control timeline-your life …

43. Birth Control (not contraception) Works after conception IUDprevent implant. Ru 486cause menses Abortionremove embryo/fetus

44. All methods of contraception are birth control… but not all methods of birth control prevent conception.

45. Abortion“a highly charged issue” Roe v. Wade (1973, Supreme Court) States rights to regulate/prohibit abortion

46. pictures of embryos and fetuses

47. Roe v. Wade (1973, Supreme Court) Even after viability (the ability of the fetus to live outside the uterus on its own) a mother can still have an abortion

48. When does life begin? life: it doesn’t begin… When does a new human life begin? When does a embryo/fetus/baby become a person with rights?

49. Japan West Africa Formosa Truk baby is not a person until its first cry baby is not a person until it’s a week old baby named when 2-3 years old baby with defects were drowned or burned

50. Roe v. Wade (1973, Supreme Court) 1 st Trimester 2 nd Trimester 3 rd Trimester States cannot regulate; Decision between woman and doctor States can regulate (who, where…), but cannot prohibit States still cannot prohibit if the mothers life or health is at risk