1. 1 Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier  Butler  Lewis Chapter 6 Integumentary System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. Light Bulb Question 11/7/12 What is your integumentary system?

3. Light Bulb Question What is your integumentary system? The skin and its various structures make up the integumentary system.

4. We are now in our first system We will be doing the osmosis lab tomorrow Friday is your quiz on tissues – study your notes 4

5. 5 6.1: Introduction Two or more kinds of tissues grouped together and performing specialized functions constitutes an organ. The skin and its various structures make up the integumentary system.

6. 6 6.2: Function Skin and Its Tissues Main function – Protection – (keratin) Composed of several tissue types Maintains homeostasis Protective covering- prevents microorganism/chemical entry Prevents injury by penetration Retards water loss (waterproof) Regulates body temperature Houses sensory receptors Contains immune system cells Synthesizes chemicals Excretes small amounts of wastes

7. How - Homeostasis Maintain a constant temperature –Production of perspiration by sweat glands help to lower body temperature back to normal –Or prevents water loss Excrete waste materials through perspiration (minimal of urea & uric acid) –Salts, water, and other organic materials –Helps maintain a pH of 5-6

8. How protection Protect the body’s internal living tissues and organs Protect against invasion by infectious organisms Protect the body from dehydration Protect the body from ultraviolet radiation

9. Negative Feedback Mechanism If anything out of homeostasis The body responds with hormones With receptors Brings body back to homeostasis.

11. How perception of stimuli Acts as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold

12. 12 Skin Cells Help produce Vitamin D needed for normal bone and tooth development Some cells (keratinocytes) produce substances that simulate development of some white blood cells

13. 13 Skin Cells Cutaneous Sensations Light touch detection –tactile corpuscles (Meissner’s) Dermal papillae –located Fingertips, palms, soles, eyelids, tip of tongue, Nipples, clitoris & tip of penis

14. 14 Skin Cells Blood Reservoir Dermis – houses 10% of body’s blood vessels Skin only requires 1-2% of body’s blood

15. 15 Skin Cells Immunity Langerhan’s cells (macrophages Interacts with T-helper cells in immune responses

16. 16 Layers of Skin (3) Epidermis- Dermis Subcutaneous layer We will be talking about epidermis last since it contains much information Stratified squamous epithelium Dense irregular connective tissue Adipose tissue Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

17. Epidermis 17

18. Dermis 18

19. Subcutaneous Layer Subcutaneous

20. 20 Layers of Skin (3) Dermis- inner layer: consists of Hair follicles( keratinized epithelium) Sweat & sebaceous glands ( glandular epithlium) Dense irregular CT (collagen) Smooth muscle tissue Nervous tissue – tactile (Meissner’s) & corpuscles Blood vessels

21. dermis hair follicle oil gland pressure receptors sweat gland Dermis Gives the skin flexibility and strength The dermis contains most of the tissues of the skin –sweat glands –oil glands –pressure receptors (pacinian corpuscle) –blood vessels –hair follicles

22. 22 Dermis Contains dermal papillae Binds epidermis to underlying tissues Irregular dense connective tissue On average 1.0-2.0mm thick Smooth Muscle tissues Nerve tissues s (a) Sweat Epidermis Dermis Hair shaft Sweat gland pore Capillary Stratum corneum Stratum basale Dermal papilla Arrector pili muscle Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle Basement membrane Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Sweat gland Nerve cell process Adipose tissue Blood vessels Muscle layer Sweat gland duct SubcutaneousSubcutaneous layer Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

24. 24 Dermis Papillary layer Thin Superficial Dermal papillae here Reticular layer 80% of dermis Cleavage, tension or Langer’s lines are here There are actually two (2) layers to the dermis: (a) Sweat Epidermis Dermis Hair shaft Sweat gland pore Capillary Stratum corneum Stratum basale Dermal papilla Arrector pili muscle Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle Basement membrane Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Sweat gland Nerve cell process Adipose tissue Blood vessels Muscle layer Sweat gland duct SubcutaneousSubcutaneous layer Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

25. 25 Layers of Skin (3) Subcutaneous layer Aka hypodermis Distinct layer Beneath dermis Insulating layer containing blood vessels Some also call it the superficial fascia Some consider it not part of the skin

26. 26 Subcutaneous Layer Aka hypodermis Loose connective tissue and … Adipose tissue are present Insulates Major blood vessels present (a) Sweat Epidermis Dermis Hair shaft Sweat gland pore Capillary Stratum corneum Stratum basale Dermal papilla Arrector pili muscle Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle Basement membrane Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Sweat gland Nerve cell process Adipose tissue Blood vessels Muscle layer Sweat gland duct SubcutaneousSubcutaneous layer Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

27. 27

28. Light Bulb Question 11/12/12 What is melanin? We will find out today Review of slides 14-20

29. epidermis pore Epidermis Relatively waterproof Prevents most bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances from entering the body –dead skin cells –oils –pores

30. 30 (a) Hair shaft Epidermis Hair follicle (b) Sebaceous gland Dermis Sweat Epidermis Dermis Hair shaft Sweat gland pore Capillary Stratum corneum Stratum basale Dermal papilla Arrector pili muscle Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle Basement membrane Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Sweat gland Nerve cell process Adipose tissue Blood vessels Muscle layer Sweat gland duct Subcutaneous layer TTactile (Meissner’s) corpuscle Epidermis Lacks blood vessels Keratinized- Keratin makes cells waterproof and tough Thickest on palms and soles (0.8-1.4mm) Rests on basement membrane Melanocytes provide melanin Melinan is a dark pigment that absorbs UV rays Determines skin color Stratified squamous epithelial- smooth flat gliding absobs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © Victor Eroschenko

32. 32 Epidermis There are five (5) layers of the epidermis: Stratum corneum - outermost Stratum lucidum- translucent layer Stratum granulosum – 3-5 layers Stratum spinosum – many spiky layer Stratum basale – innermost layer Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale Basement membrane Dermis Dermal papilla (a)(b) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer

33. Five Skin Layers epidermis dermis corneumlucidumgranulosumspinosum basale 33

34. Stratum corneum Outermost layer Composed of dead epithelial cells filled with the protein keratin

35. Stratum lucidum Translucent layer Separates s. corneum from s granulosum Extra layer only in thick skin of soles & palms

36. Stratum Granulosum Composed of 3-5 layers Flattened granular cells Filled with keratin granules

37. Stratum spinosum Many layers of spiky cells Large nuclei

38. Stratum basale Innermost layer Directly above basement membrane Single row cuboidal epithelial cells Composed of melanocytes –Specialized cells produce the pigment melanin

39. 39 Epidermis 1. Genetic Factors Varying amounts of melanin Varying size of melanin granules Albinos lack melanin 3. Environmental Factors Sunlight UV light from sunlamps X-rays Darkens melanin 2. Physiological Factors Dilation of dermal blood vessels Constriction of dermal blood vessels Accumulation of carotene Jaundice Heredity and environment determine skin color

40. homework Questions 1-15 hand-out

41. Light Bulb Question 11/13/12 Skin is the largest organ of the body, and it is part of the integumentary system. What other accessory organs are part of the integumentary system?

42. 42 6.3: Accessory Structures of the Skin Accessory structures of the skin originate from the epidermis and include: Hair follicles Nails Skin glands

43. homework Check homework Questions 1-15 hand-out

44. 44 6.1 Clinical Application Tanning and Skin Cancer Hand out page 175 Hole’s Anatomy

45. Functions Nails—Protection Hair—Insulation and protection Sweat Glands—Homeostasis But from what?? –Come up with a list in your notes

46. Nail Structure Nail plate- The part of the fingernail that is the largest and most exposed –The part that you paint Nail root- The base of the nail where the nail actually begins to grow –Located under the skin behind the cuticle –Rapidly dividing cells live here –Cells fill with keratin (to make them tough)

47. Nail Structure Lunula- The whitish half moon shape located at the base of the nail Cuticle- The fold of skin that hides the nail root –Also the last piece of skin before the lunula Nail bed- Located under the nail body –Filled with blood vessels, giving the nails their pinkish color

48. Nail Five (5) parts: Nail plate Nail bed Lunula Cuticle Nail Root

49. 49 Hair Follicles Epidermal cells Tube-like depression Extends into dermis Three (3) parts: Hair root Hair shaft Hair papilla Dead epidermal cells Melanin Arrector pili muscle (a) Hair shaft Pore Hair root (keratinized cells) Arrector pili muscle Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Region of cell division Hair papilla Eccrine sweat gland DermalDermal blood vessels Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

50. Hair Structure Individual hairs are large columns of dead cells that have filled with keratin Cell growth at the base of the hair follicle causes hair to grow longer –Hair gets its color from melanin Hair follicles are in close contact with sebaceous glands –The oily secretions of these glands help maintain the condition of each individual hair.

51. Hair Layers – 3 layers Cuticle- Outer most layer the hair’s protective shield –Overlapping scales Cortex- middle layer - consists of fiber-like cells that give the hair its strength and elasticity. –Contains melanin Medulla- inner most layer softer keratin cells interspersed with space

52. Cortex

53. 53 6.3 Clinical Application Hair loss Page 179 Hole’s Anatomy

54. Sweat Gland Structure Coiled, tubular glands in the dermis –Produce a watery secretion to help control body temperature The moisture on your body evaporates and provides a cooling effect for the body –Involuntary

55. SKIN GLANDS 2 kinds –Sebaceous Glands –Sweat glands

56. 56 Sebaceous Glands Usually associated with hair follicles Absent on palms and soles Hair Sebaceous gland Hair follicle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Per H. Kjeldsen Secrete sebum (oil) Function:- Sebum keeps skin & hair soft, pliable & virtually waterproof

57. 57 Sweat Glands Aka sudoriferous glands Widespread in skin Originates in deeper dermis or hypodermis 2 TYPES 1. MEROCRIN 2. APROCRINE Dermal papilla Sebaceous gland Duct Hair shaft Hair follicle Eccrine sweat gland Apocrine sweat gland Pore Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

58. Sweat Glands 1.MEROCRINE GLAND –Structure Coil in deep dermis, duct in dermis & pore @ surface –Characteristics Response to elevated temps No odor Not associated with hair follicls Found in forehead, neck & back –Secretion Water, salts, wastes

59. Sweat Glands 2.APROCRINE GLAND –Structure Ducts terminate in hair follicle –Characteristics Response to stress/emotions Has odor Associated with hair follicles Found in armpits/groin – Begins at puberty & continues through life –Secretion Sweat, oil & cellular debris

60. Sweat Glands 2.APROCRINE GLAND –Modified Aprocrine Glands 1.Ceruminous gland – in external ear –Secretion »Earwax 2.Mammary Gland- in breasts –Secretion »milk

61. 61 6.3 Clinical Application Acne

62. video Suntan Now: skin cancer later In my back room 362.196 or 616.5

63. Light Bulb Question 11/3/11 What rule is applied for adult burns? Rule of nines

64. 64 6.4: Regulation of Body Temperature Regulation of body temperature is vitally important because even slight shifts can disrupt metabolic reactions.

65. 65 Regulation of Body Temperature- Negative feedback If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract involuntarily. too high too low Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) Control center Hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Control center Hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Effectors Dermal blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. Effectors Dermal blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Effectors Dermal blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

66. 66 Heat Production and Loss Heat is a product of cellular metabolism The most active body cells are the heat producers and include: Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Cells of certain glands such as the liver The primary means of heat loss is radiation Also there is conduction, convection and evaporation

67. 67 Problems in Temperature Regulation Hyperthermia – abnormally high body temperature Hypothermia – abnormally low body temperature

68. 68 6.4 Clinical Application Elevated Body Temperature 1. June morning – a dad is supposed to take his five-month son to daycare-- When his wife called at lunch to see why Bryan was not at the sitter’s, dad rushed to car to find that son was still in car seat, but it was too late. Tragically Bryan had died. Two hours after son was found, his temperature was still over 106 0 F 2. Sally had a high temperature, but it was more than typical. Her temperature is 104 0 F & a sore throat. She had streptococcus infection These two examples show why the body temperature my rise

69. 69 6.4 Clinical Application Elevated Body Temperature The inability of temperature homeostasis to handle an extreme environment an immune system response to infection. In Bryan’s case, his body heat built up faster it could dissapate. His blood vessels dilated so greatly that after a few hours, his cardiovascular system collapsed Sally– the molecules on the surfaces of the infection stimulate phagocytes to release a substance called interleukin. Interleukin goes to the hypothalamus where it raises the temperature. This then signals skeletal muscles to increase heat production, blood flows to the skin decreases and sweat glands decrease secretion & the temperature rises

70. 70 6.5: Healing of Wounds and Burns Inflammation is a normal response to injury or stress. Blood vessels in affected tissues dilate and become more permeable, allowing fluids to leak into the damaged tissues. Inflamed skin may become: Reddened Swollen Warm Painful

71. 71 Healing of Cuts (a)(b) (f)(g) (c)(d)(e) Scar tissue Fibroblasts Scar tissue Blood cells Site of injury Scab Blood clot Scab Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

73. 73 Types of Burns First degree burn – superficial, partial-thickness Second degree burn – deep, partial-thickness Third degree burn – full-thickness Autograft- transplat within the same individual Allograft – person to person (cadaviar) Xenogeneic - animal to human Various skin substitutes

74. 74 Rule of Nines for Adults Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior trunk 18% Posterior trunk 18% Anterior upper extremities 9% Posterior upper extremities 9% Posterior lower extremities 18% Perineum 1% Anterior and posterior upper extremities 18% Anterior and posterior lower extremities 36% 100% Anterior and posterior trunk 36% Anterior and posterior head and neck 9% Anterior head and neck 4 1 / 2 % Posterior head and neck 4 1 / 2 % Anterior lower extremities 18% 9% 41/2%41/2% 41/2%41/2%41/2%41/2% 41/2%41/2%41/2%41/2% 41/2%41/2%

75. 75 6.6: Lifespan Changes Skin becomes scaly Age spots appear Epidermis thins Dermis becomes reduced Loss of fat Wrinkling Sagging Sebaceous glands secrete less oil Melanin production slows Hair thins Number of hair follicles decreases Nail growth becomes impaired Sensory receptors decline Body temperature unable to be controlled Diminished ability to activate Vitamin D

76. homework Questions 21-31 hand-out

77. 77 6.3 Clinical Application Hair loss Page 179 Hole’s Anatomy