1. Female
Reproductive
System

2. Points to Ponder How many chromosomes do body and sex cells each have?
Understand the anatomy of both the male and female.
What are the 3 parts of a sperm?
How do hormones play a role in the male?
Explain the ovarian and uterine cycles.
Where do fertilization and implantation occur?
What is infertility? What can cause this?

3. Female anatomy Genital tract: External genitals (vulva): Ovaries
16.3 Female reproductive system
Female anatomy
Genital tract:
Ovaries
Oviducts
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
External genitals (vulva):
Labia major
Labia minor
Mons pubis
Clitoris

4. Female anatomy: Genital tract
16.3 Female reproductive system
Female anatomy: Genital tract
Ovaries – produce eggs and sex hormones
Oviducts – moves eggs and normal site of fertilization
Uterus – normal site of implantation and fetal development
Cervix – opening to the uterus that can dilate during childbirth
Vagina – birth canal

5. Female anatomy: Genital tract
16.3 Female reproductive system
Female anatomy: Genital tract

6. VAGINAL OPENING
Opening may be covered by a thin sheath called the hymen
Using the presence of an intact hymen for determining virginity is erroneous
Some women are born without hymens
The hymen can be perforated by many different events

7. PERINEUM
The muscle and tissue located between the vaginal opening and anal canal
It supports and surrounds the lower parts of the urinary and digestive tracts
The perinium contains an abundance of nerve endings that make it sensitive to touch
An episiotomy is an incision of the perineum used during childbirth for widening the vaginal opening

8. INTERNAL GENITALIA The internal genitalia consists of the: Vagina
Cervix
Uterus
Fallopian Tubes
Ovaries

9. VAGINA The vagina connects the cervix to the external genitals
It is located between the bladder and rectum
It functions :
As a passageway for the menstrual flow
For uterine secretions to pass down through the introitus
As the birth canal during labor
With the help of two Bartholin’s glands becomes lubricated during SI

10. CERVIX The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina
The cervical opening to the vagina is small
This acts as a safety precaution against foreign bodies entering the uterus
During childbirth, the cervix dilates to accommodate the passage of the fetus
This dilation is a sign that labor has begun

11. UTERUS Commonly referred to as the womb
A pear shaped organ about the size of a clenched fist
It is made up of the endometrium, myometrium and perimetrium
Consists of blood-enriched tissue that sloughs off each month during menstrual cycle
The powerful muscles of the uterus expand to accommodate a growing fetus and push it through the birth canal

12. FALLOPIAN TUBES Serve as a pathway for the ovum to the uterus
Are the site of fertilization by the male sperm
Often referred to as the oviducts or uterine tubes
Fertilized egg takes approximately 6 to 10 days to travel through the fallopian tube to implant in the uterine lining

13. OVARIES The female gonads or sex glands
They develop and expel an ovum each month
A woman is born with approximately 400,000 immature eggs called follicles
During a lifetime a woman 400 to 500 fully matured eggs for fertilization
The follicles in the ovaries produce the female sex hormones, progesterone and estrogen
These hormones prepare the uterus for implantation of the fertilized egg

14. Female anatomy: External anatomy
16.3 Female reproductive system
Female anatomy: External anatomy
Labia major – 2 large folds of fatty skin
Labia minor – 2 small folds just inside the labia major that contain the opening to the urethra and vagina
Mons pubis – fatty skin covered in coarse hair
Clitoris – erectile organ

15. The ovarian cycle: The ovary
Contains many follicles each containing an immature egg (oocyte)
At birth a female has ~300, ,000 follicles
During the lifetime of a female only ~400 follicles mature
One follicle matures each cycle from puberty until menopause
Ovulation is the monthly release of an oocyte from the ovary when a follicle ruptures

16. 16.4 Female hormone level
Anatomy of the ovary

17. The ovarian cycle This is the formation and release of an immature egg
16.4 Female hormone level
The ovarian cycle
This is the formation and release of an immature egg
2 phases:
Follicular phase:
FSH promotes the development of a follicle that secretes estrogen
An estrogen spike leads to a surge in LH and ovulation around day 14 in the 28-day cycle
Luteal phase:
LH promotes the develop of the corpus luteum that functions to secrete progesterone
If pregnancy does not occur menstruation begins

18. The uterine cycle A 28-day cyclic event in the uterus:
16.4 Female hormone level
The uterine cycle
A 28-day cyclic event in the uterus:
Days 1-5: low level of estrogen and progesterone causing the inner uterine lining (endometrium) to disintegrate and menstruation occurs
Days 6-13 (proliferative phase): increase in estrogen causing the endometrium to thicken
Day 14: ovulation usually occurs
Days (secretory phase): increase in progesterone causes endometrium to double or triple in thickness in preparation for the developing embryo. If the egg is not fertilized then the corpus luteum regresses and the endometrium breaks down

19. Hormones in the ovarian and uterine phase
16.4 Female hormone level
Hormones in the ovarian and uterine phase

20. Fertilization and Pregnancy
16.4 Female hormone level
Fertilization and Pregnancy
Fertilization – union of a sperm and egg nucleus normally in the oviduct to form a zygote
Pregnancy – begins with implantation usually ~6 days after fertilization

21. Some common birth control methods
16.5 Control of reproduction
Some common birth control methods
Abstinence – not engaging in sexual intercourse
Hormonal control:
Birth control pills: blocks FSH and LH release to stop follicular development and ovulation
Contraceptive injections: injection of hormones (progesterone and/or estrogen) to stop ovulation
Contraceptive implants: synthetic progesterone to prevent ovulation
Barrier methods:
IUD: small plastic piece inserted into the uterus to prevent implantation
Condom (male and female): blocks fertilization
Diaphragm: soft latex cup that covers the cervix so sperm cannot enter the uterus
Sterilization:
Vasectomy: cutting and sealing the vas deferens
Tubal ligation: cutting and sealing the oviducts