2. Evaluating and Documenting Sources Tri A Budiono School of Computer Science Thesis Workshop – SEP 2006

3. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop2 Agenda  Finding Sources  Evaluating Sources  Documenting Sources with APA style

4. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop3  Finding Sources

5. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop4 Sources to Include in the Thesis  Binus International is developing a policy regarding basic requirements of writing in the courses, including thesis:  The writing requirement for the thesis are: At least 15.000 words At least 10 books and 25 articles The large volume of scientific literature being produced can be daunting at first. However, a number of resources are available to help you find what is relevant to your research, and most of the resources are searchable online.

6. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop5 Researchers and library resources  Researchers use library resources to: keep up with current thinking in the field so they can recognize a question worth asking review what is known about a given phenomenon so they can place new knowledge in context locate specific information they need to successfully carry out an experiment or project

7. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop6 Finding Sources in Computer Science#1  Database and Indexes ACM Digital Library. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 1947–. Applied Science and Technology Index. New York: Wilson, 1983–. EI Engineering Village 2. Hoboken: Elsevier Engineering Information, 2000–.  Web Resources ACM Portal: The Guide to Computing Literature  http://portal.acm.org/guide.cfm http://portal.acm.org/guide.cfm FOLDOC: Free Online Dictionary of Computing  http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/index.html http://wombat.doc.ic.ac.uk/foldoc/index.html Virtual Computer Library  http://www.utexas.edu/computer/vcl http://www.utexas.edu/computer/vcl WWW Virtual Library: Computing and Computer Science  http://vlib.org/Computing http://vlib.org/Computing EEVL: The Internet Guide to Engineering, Mathematics, and Computing  http://www.eevl.ac.uk http://www.eevl.ac.uk

8. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop7 Finding Sources in Computer Science#2  Reference Books: Encyclopedia of Computers and Computer History. Ed. Raúl Rojas. 2 vols. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001. Encyclopedia of Computer Science. Ed. Anthony Ralston, Edwin D. Reilly, and David Hemmendinger. 4th ed. London: Nature, 2000.

9. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop8  Evaluating Sources

10. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop9 Source Credibility  Evaluating The Reliability of a Source Not every source is suitable for use in a formal research paper, and the ultimate guide of what is appropriate and what is not is your supervisor. Excellent research requires thought and care in choosing the best or most appropriate sources.  You should “test” items on your working bibliography against the following standards: Balance, objectivity Authoritativeness Timeliness, Currency Originality

11. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop10 Authoritativeness  Authoritativeness Some publications carry more authority because they contain articles written only by seasoned scholars and researchers. Can you learn something about the authors’ reputations? Do other scholars cite them?

12. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop11 Balance, objectivity  Balance, objectivity Almost all publications have some type of bias or perspective - political, religious, or cultural. An American business magazine inevitably will have a certain perspective on Japanese business practices. A feminist magazine such as MS. will have a definite perspective on the right-to-life movement. Open source supporters will undermine Microsoft products

13. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop12 Timeliness, Currency  Timeliness, Currency This standard refers to having the most up- to-date information. Obviously, if you are researching J2EE Frameworks, you want the most current information possible. For some research topics, you will want to balance the newest information with older information.

14. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop13 Originality  Originality “Original” sources are primary sources - ones written or published closest in time to an event, or containing the actual text of a speech, the transcript of a news conference, etc. The Gang of Four is the primary sources of Design Pattern Secondary sources analyze, and offer commentary on, primary sources. An book on understanding OO paradigm such Budd’ OOP analyse and discuss the design pattern is secondary sources.  Whenever possible, use primary sources so that you can avoid the inherent biases of secondary sources.

15. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop14 Assessing online Sources Credibility  Online sources can be used, however you will still need to assess their credibility.  The following criteria for assessing online sources will help you to determine whether electronic sources are both professional and appropriate for your thesis.

16. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop15 Assessing online Sources Credibility  Authorship - who is the author and what are his credentials?  Publishing Body - the pb is the server on which the file is stored. The server cannot guarantee reliability of the information that is posted.  Objectivity/Knowledge - seek out other sources to see if the author has considered enough alternative views. Is there evidence to support the claims being made? Is the tone professional?  Accuracy or Verifiability - Hypertext is helpful in this area. For example, an author quoting statistics from another Internet source will often include a direct link to that source.  Currency - this refers to the history of publication and any revisions. When was the site last updated? Is the information still relevant?

17. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop16  Style Manuals

18. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop17 Four Commonly-used Style Manuals Style ManualDisciplinePublished Manual MLAEnglish and the humanities MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed. (New York: MLA, 2003). APAPsychology and the social sciences Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. (Washington: APA, 2001). Chicagohistory and some humanitiesH The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003). CSEBiology and other sciences Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (6th ed., 1994),  MLA: Modern Language Association  APA: APA STYLE: THE SOCIAL SCIENCES  CSE: Council of Science Editors

19. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop18 List of Style Manuals#1  BIOLOGY (SEE CSE.)CSE Council of Biology Editors. Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. 6th ed. New York: Cambridge UP, 1994.  BUSINESS American Management Association. The AMA Style Guide for Business Writing. New York: AMACOM, 1996.  CHEMISTRY Dodd, Janet S., ed. The ACS Style Guide: A Manual for Authors and Editors. 2nd ed. Washington: Amer. Chemical Soc., 1997.  ENGINEERING Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE Standards Style Manual. Rev. ed. New York: IEEE, 2005 http://standards.ieee.org/guides/style/2005Style.pdf  ENGLISH AND THE HUMANITIES (SEE MLA.)MLA Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th ed. New York: Mod. Lang. Assn., 2003.

20. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop19 List of Style Manuals#2  GEOLOGY Bates, Robert L., Rex Buchanan, and Marla Adkins-Heljeson, eds. Geowriting: A Guide to Writing, Editing, and Printing in Earth Science. 5th ed. Alexandria: Amer. Geological Inst., 1995.  GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS Garner, Diane L. The Complete Guide to Citing Government Information Resources: A Manual for Social Science and Business Research. 3rd ed. Bethesda: Congressional Information Service, 2002. United States Government Printing Office. Style Manual. Washington: GPO, 2000.  HISTORY (SEE CHICAGO.)CHICAGO The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003.  JOURNALISM Goldstein, Norm, ed. Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law. Rev. ed. New York: Associated Press, 2005.

21. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop20 List of Style Manuals#3  LAW Harvard Law Review et al. The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. 17th ed. Cambridge: Harvard Law Rev. Assn., 2000.  LINGUISTICS Linguistic Society of America. “LSA Style Sheet.” Published annually in the December issue of the LSA Bulletin.  MATHEMATICS American Mathematical Society. The AMS Author Handbook: General Instructions for Preparing Manuscripts. Rev. ed. Providence: AMS, 1996.  MEDICINE Iverson, Cheryl, et al. American Medical Association Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams, 1998.  MUSIC Holoman, D. Kern, ed. Writing about Music: A Style Sheet from the Editors of 19th-Century Music. Berkeley: U of California P, 1988.

22. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop21 List of Style Manuals#4  PHYSICS American Institute of Physics. Style Manual: Instructions to Authors and Volume Editors for the Preparation of AIP Book Manuscripts. 5th ed. New York: AIP, 1995.  POLITICAL SCIENCE American Political Science Association. Style Manual for Political Science. Rev. ed. Washington: APSA, 2001.  PSYCHOLOGY AND OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES (SEE APA.)APA American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 5th ed. Washington: APA, 2001.  SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL WRITING American National Standards Institute. American National Standard for the Preparation of Scientific Papers for Written or Oral Presentation. New York: ANSI, 1979. Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft Manual of Style for Technical Publications. 3rd ed. Redmond: Microsoft, 2004. Rubens, Philip, ed. Science and Technical Writing: A Manual of Style. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2001.  SOCIAL WORK National Association of Social Workers. Writing for the NASW Press: Information for Authors.http://naswpress.org/ resources/tools/01-write/guidelines_toc.htm

23. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop22  Documenting Sources: Using APA Format

24. Why Use APA Format?  Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily  Provides consistent format within a discipline  Gives you credibility as a writer  Protects yourself from plagiarism

25. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop24 Cross-Referencing Your Sources  Cross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication information of source material.  This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.

26. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop25 Using a Consistent Format  Using a consistent format helps your reader understand your arguments and the sources they’re built on.  It also helps you keep track of your sources as you build arguments.

27. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop26 Establishing Credibility  The proper use of APA style shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their source material.

28. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop27 Avoiding Plagiarism  Proper citation of your sources in APA style can help you avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from school.

29. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop28 Where Do I Find APA Format?  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed.  www.apastyle.org  Composition textbooks  English Services Manager: John Honeyben

30. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop29 APA Style: Two Main Concerns  Reference Page  Parenthetical Citations

31. Reference Page  A list of every source that you make reference to in your essay.  Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay.  Each retrievable source cited in the essay must appear on the reference page, and vice versa.

32. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop31 A Sample Reference Page

33.  Most citations should contain the following basic information: Author’s name Title of work Publication information Reference Page

34.  Book Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character. New York: Touchstone.  Article in a Magazine Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days. The New Yorker, 40-45. References: Some Examples

35.  Web page Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot button. Roughcut. Retrieved October 28, 1998 from http://www.roughcut.com References: Some Examples

36. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop35  A newspaper article Tommasini, A. (1998, October 27). Master teachers whose artistry glows in private. New York Times, p. B2.  A source with no known author Cigarette sales fall 30% as California tax rises. (1999, September 14). New York Times, p. A17. References: Some Examples

37.  What other types of sources might you need to list on your reference page?  Study the basics of APA citation format. When something odd comes up, don’t guess. Look it up! Reference Page

38. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop37 Parenthetical Citations  When quoting any words that are not your own Quoting means to repeat another source word for word, using quotation marks

39. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop38  When summarizing facts and ideas from a source Summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them, using your own words  When paraphrasing a source Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your own words Parenthetical Citations

40. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop39 Keys to Parenthetical Citations  Readability Keep references brief Give only information needed to identify the source on your reference page Do not repeat unnecessary information

41. Handling Quotes in Your Text  Author’s last name, publication year, and page number(s) of quote must appear in the text Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11). A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11).

42.  Sometimes additional information is necessary... More than one author with the same last name (H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880) Two or more works in the same parentheses (Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, 1997) Work with six or more authors (Smith et al, 1998) Specific part of a source (Jones, 1995, chap. 2) Handling Parenthetical Citations

43. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop42 Handling Parenthetical Citations  If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title: Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers” Citation: (“California,” 1999)

44. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop43 Handling Parenthetical Citations  A reference to a personal communication: Source: email message from C. Everett Koop Citation: (C. E. Koop, personal communication, May 16, 1998)  A general reference to a web site Source:Purdue University web site Citation:(http://www.purdue.edu)

45. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop44 Handling Parenthetical Citations Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women’s personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic effects. Feminist researchers now concur that “It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996). However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study “treated memory and culture as if they belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions” (p. 6).

46.  There are many different combinations and variations within APA citation format.  If you run into something unusual, look it up! Handling Quotes in Your Text

47. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop46  Exercises Credible sources? Style used? Consistent use of style?

48. 2006 SEP Thesis Workshop47 Conclusion  Only credible sources that can be used in the thesis  Be consistent on one style manual