1. Animal adaptations Outline: Acquisition of energy and nutrients Respiration Homeostasis Water balance Biological rhythms Readings: Chapter 7

2. Energy and nutrient acquisition

3. Detritivores

4. Herbivores

5. Types of herbivores Grazers - leaf tissue Browsers - woody tissue Granivores - seeds Frugivores - fruit Nectivores - nectar Phloem feeders - sap High cellulose (fiber), low protein Animals can’t digest cellulose (no cellulase enzymes) Need symbiotic bacteria, protozoa

6. Ruminants (e.g. cows, sheep, deer)

7. Non-ruminants (e.g. rabbits, horses)

8. Coprophagy = ingestion of feces E.g. Lagomorphs (rabbits, hares & pikas) E.g. Detritivores

10. N and food quality For herbivores, food quality increases with increasing N content In animals, C:N ~ 10:1 In plants, C:N ~ 40:1  herbivores limited by N availability –Highest in growing stems, leaves, buds –Decreases as plant ages  Herbivores usually born in spring

11. Carnivores

12. Composition of food similar to own tissues --> simple stomach --> small caecum Need to get enough food

13. Omnivores Feed on > 1 trophic level, e.g. plants and herbivores Diet varies with season, life cycle

14. Diet breadth 1.Generalists: “polyphagous” – eat >1 prey species 2.Specialists: “monophagous” – eat one prey species – or eat specific part of prey E.g. seed-eating birds Specialists are usually Short-lived (active only when food is available) Highly adapted to a specific food type (can’t use any other)

15. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP RESPIRATION

20. HOMEOSTASIS

21. THERMOREGULATION

22. TEMPERATURE REGULATION TYPE OF HEAT PRODUCTION: Endothermy: - heat from within Ectothermy: - heat from without Heterothermy - employ endo and ectothermy in different situations TEMPERATURE VARIATION: Homeothermy - constant temperature Poikilothermy - variable temperature

23. TEMPERATURE REGULATION poikilotherms

24. Operative temperature range

25. TEMPERATURE REGULATION poikilotherms Acclimatization

26. Lizards and snakes: body temperature varies only 4-5 o C/day TEMPERATURE REGULATION poikilotherms

27. TEMPERATURE REGULATION homeotherms

28. Endothermy – ectothermy tradeoffs

29. Endothermy tradeoff

30. Because of their small size (high surface: volume ratio) and their need to invest energy in growth, juvenile birds and mammals are often ectothermic, obtaining heat from their parents. Conserving energy – ectothermy for juveniles

31. Bears are not true hibernators; their body temperature drops only a few degrees, and they are relatively easily awakened Conserving energy – hibernation

32. Conserving energy – countercurrent heat exchange without with

33. Releasing energy – countercurrent heat exchange RETE

34. Adaptations to aridity and heat

35. Water balance in aquatic environments Freshwater organisms: hyperosmotic (water wants to move inside of organism Marine organisms: hypoosmotic (water wants to move outside of organism

36. Controls on activity

38. Human diurnal cycle

39. Life history strategies Outline: Types of reproduction Mating systems Sexual selection Energy and timing of reproduction Offspring Habitat selection Environmental influences Readings: Ch. 8

40. A simple life history Life history = schedule of birth, growth, reproduction & death

41. Types of reproduction Asexual or sexual Different forms of sexual reproduction

44. Simultaneous hermaphrodites

45. Sex change

46. Mating system Strength of bond: – Monogamy (strong) - Promiscuity (no bond) Types of bonds: – Monogamy (one-to-one) – Polygamy (one-to-many) Polygyny (one male, many females) Polyandry (one female, many males)

47. POLYANDRY: African Jacana

48. Sexual selection Intrasexual selection – male-to-male or female-to-female competition for the opportunity to mate

49. Sexual selection Intersexual selection – differential attractiveness of individuals

50. Reproduction is costly

51. Timing of reproduction Semelparity - reproduce once and die Iteroparous - reproduce throughout lifetime

52. European grasshopper, Chorthippus brunneus An iteroparous summer annual

53. Pigweed, Chenopodium album A semelparous summer annual

54. Semelparous perennials Coho salmon: a long-lived semelparous animal Dies after spawning (2-5 yrs) Overlapping generations

55. Bamboo Both genets and ramets are semelparous. Genets can live for 200 years before the simultaneous flowering of all ramets. Semelparous perennials

56. Parental investment

57. Fecundity

60. Reproductive tradeoffs

64. r and K strategists

65. For next lecture: Please read Chapter 9, 10, 11, 12 65