Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Slides 1 to 73 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2
Introduction All living organisms share the following characteristics:
Responsiveness Growth Reproduction Movement Metabolism This is a sample first topic page. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3
Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Anatomists study: Internal and external structure Physical relationships among body parts Physiologists study: How organisms perform vital functions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4
Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Gross anatomy “Naked eye” anatomy Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Sectional anatomy Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5
Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Microscopic anatomy Cytology: study of individual cells Histology: study of tissues Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6
Anatomy & Physiology Sciences
Human physiology: Study of human body function Cell physiology Special physiology System physiology Pathological physiology Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7
Levels of Organization
Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity: Chemical (or Molecular) Cellular Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8
Organ Organism System Level Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level
Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9
Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2)
Atoms in combination Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Figure of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
10
Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cellular Level (Chapter 3)
Atoms in combination Heart muscle cell Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
11
Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2)
Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
12
Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level Tissue Level
Cardiovascular Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
13
Organ System Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level Tissue Level
Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
14
Organ Organism System Level Level (Chapters 5–20) Organ Level
Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Nervous Respiratory Muscular Digestive Skeletal Urinary Integumentary Reproductive Organ Level The heart Cardiac muscle tissue Atoms in combination Tissue Level (Chapter 4) Heart muscle cell Complex protein molecule Protein filaments Chemical or Molecular Level (Chapter 2) Cellular Level (Chapter 3) Figure of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
15
Overview of Organ Systems
The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems: Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive PLAY Organ Systems Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
16
The Integumentary System
Figure 1-2(a)
17
The Skeletal System Figure 1-2(b)
18
The Muscular System Figure 1-2(c)
19
The Nervous System Figure 1-2(d)
20
The Endocrine System Figure 1-2(e)
21
The Cardiovascular System
Figure 1-2(f)
22
The Lymphatic System Figure 1-2(g)
23
The Respiratory System
Figure 1-2(h)
24
The Digestive System Figure 1-2(i)
25
The Urinary System Figure 1-2(j)
26
Male Reproductive System
Figure 1-2(k)
27
Female Reproductive System
Figure 1-2(l)
28
Introduction to Organ Systems
Key Note The body can be divided into 11 organ systems, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
29
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostasis Maintains stable internal conditions Temperature Ionic concentrations Blood sugar levels, etc. Utilizes negative feedback mechanisms Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
30
Homeostatic Regulation
Regulation depends on: Receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus Effector that affects the same stimulus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
31
Information Normal affects condition disturbed STIMULUS:
RECEPTOR Information affects Normal condition disturbed Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature RESPONSE: Room temperature drops 20o 30o 40o Normal condition restored EFFECTOR Sends commands to Air conditioner turns on Figure 1-3 1 of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
32
HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature
Figure 1-3 2 of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
33
Normal condition disturbed STIMULUS: Room temperature rises
RECEPTOR Normal condition disturbed Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature Figure 1-3 3 of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
34
Information Normal affects condition disturbed STIMULUS:
RECEPTOR Information affects Normal condition disturbed Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature 20o 30o 40o Figure 1-3 4 of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
35
Information Normal affects condition disturbed STIMULUS:
RECEPTOR Information affects Normal condition disturbed Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature 20o 30o 40o EFFECTOR Sends commands to Air conditioner turns on Figure 1-3 5 of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
36
Information Normal affects condition disturbed STIMULUS:
RECEPTOR Information affects Normal condition disturbed Thermometer STIMULUS: Room temperature rises CONTROL CENTER (Thermostat) HOMEOSTASIS Normal room temperature RESPONSE: Room temperature drops 20o 30o 40o Normal condition restored EFFECTOR Sends commands to Air conditioner turns on Figure 1-3 6 of 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
37
Homeostatic Regulation
Negative Feedback: Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective response Response negates disturbance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
38
Figure 1-4 1 of 10 Information affects Information affects RECEPTOR
Body’s temperature sensors Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature rises Control mechanism when body temperature falls RESPONSE RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Thermoregulatory center in brain EFFECTOR EFFECTOR Negative feedback Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to Sends commands to Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Figure 1-4 1 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
39
STIMULUS Thermoregulatory center in brain
CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature rises Thermoregulatory center in brain Figure 1-4 2 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
40
Information affects STIMULUS Thermoregulatory center in brain
RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature rises Thermoregulatory center in brain Figure 1-4 3 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
41
Information affects STIMULUS Thermoregulatory center in brain Sends
RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature rises EFFECTOR Thermoregulatory center in brain Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to Figure 1-4 4 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
42
Information affects STIMULUS RESPONSE Thermoregulatory center in brain
RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature rises RESPONSE Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored EFFECTOR Thermoregulatory center in brain Negative feedback Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to Figure 1-4 5 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
43
STIMULUS Thermoregulatory center in brain
CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature falls Thermoregulatory center in brain Figure 1-4 6 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
44
Information affects STIMULUS Thermoregulatory center in brain
RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature falls Thermoregulatory center in brain Figure 1-4 7 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
45
Information affects STIMULUS Thermoregulatory center in brain Sends
RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature falls Thermoregulatory center in brain EFFECTOR Sends commands to Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Figure 1-4 8 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
46
Information affects STIMULUS RESPONSE Thermoregulatory center in brain
RECEPTOR Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature falls RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Thermoregulatory center in brain EFFECTOR Sends commands to Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Figure 1-4 9 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
47
Figure 1-4 10 of 10 Information affects Information affects RECEPTOR
Body’s temperature sensors Body’s temperature sensors CONTROL CENTER STIMULUS STIMULUS Body temperature rises above 37.2oC (99oF) Body temperature falls below 37.2oC (99oF) Control mechanism when body temperature rises Control mechanism when body temperature falls RESPONSE RESPONSE Decreased blood flow to skin Decreased sweating Shivering Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Increased blood flow to skin Increased sweating Stimulus removed Homeostasis restored Thermoregulatory center in brain EFFECTOR EFFECTOR Negative feedback Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Sends commands to Sends commands to Blood vessels and sweat glands in skin Skeletal muscles Negative feedback Figure 1-4 10 of 10 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
48
Homeostatic Regulation
Positive Feedback: Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus Response rapidly completes critical process Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
49
Homeostatic Regulation
Figure 1-5
50
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostasis and Disease Failure of homeostatic regulation Symptoms appear Organ system malfunction Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
51
Homeostatic Regulation
Key Note Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. They monitor and adjust internal conditions. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
52
The Language of Anatomy
Surface Anatomy Anatomical Position Hands at side Palms forward Feet together Supine: Face up Prone: Face down Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
53
The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-6(a)
54
The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-6(b)
55
The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Regions Two methods to map abdominal and pelvic regions Four abdominopelvic quadrants Nine abdominopelvic regions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
56
The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-7(a)
57
The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-7(b)
58
The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-7(c)
59
The Language of Anatomy
A few anatomical directions: Anterior (= ventral) Posterior (= dorsal) Superior Inferior Lateral Medial Proximal Distal Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
60
The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-8
61
The Language of Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy: Planes and Sections Transverse plane Transverse section Frontal plane Frontal section Sagittal plane Sagittal section Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
62
The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-9
63
The Language of Anatomy
Ventral body cavity Protects delicate organs Permits organ growth and movement Surrounds: Respiratory Cardiovascular Digestive Urinary Reproductive organs Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
64
The Language of Anatomy
Diaphragm subdivides ventral cavity: Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities (R and L) Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Peritoneal membrane Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
65
The Language of Anatomy
Key Note Anatomical descriptions refer to an individual in the anatomical position: standing, with the hands at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet together. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
66
The Language of Anatomy
Figure 1-10(a)
67
The Language of Anatomy
Radiological Procedures X-rays CT Scans MRIs Ultrasound Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
68
X-Rays Missing figure 1-11 Figure 1-11(a)
69
X-Rays Missing figure 1-11 Figure 1-11(b)
70
Common Scanning Techniques
Figure 1-12(a)
71
Common Scanning Techniques
Figure 1-12(b)
72
Common Scanning Techniques
Figure 1-12(c)
73
Common Scanning Techniques
Figure 1-12(d)
Similar presentations
