1. Why is Knowledge of Composition Important? Because everything in nature is either chemically or physically combined with other substances it is necessary to have knowledge of chemical composition. To know the amount of a material in a sample, you need to know what fraction of the sample it is. Examples that show the need to know about chemical composition: –the amount of sodium in sodium chloride for dietary need –the amount of iron in iron ore for steel production –the amount of hydrogen in water for hydrogen fuel –the amount of chlorine in Freon to estimate ozone depletion

2. Counting Atoms by Moles If we can find the mass of a particular number of atoms, we can use this information to convert the mass of an element sample to the number of atoms in the sample. The number of atoms we will use is 6.022 x 10 23 and we call this a mole –1 mole = 6.022 x 10 23 things, l ike 1 dozen = 12 things –The dozen and the mole make it easier to talk about large quantities –A mole can refer to anything, but we usually use it to talk about atoms, molecules, and ions mole = number of particles equal to the number of atoms in 12 g of C-12 –1 atom of C-12 weighs exactly 12 amu –1 mole of C-12 weighs exactly 12 g The number of particles in 1 mole is called Avogadro’s Number = 6.0221421 x 10 23 (remember Avogadro’s # to 4 Sig. Figs.) –1 mole of C atoms weighs 12.01 g and has 6.022 x 10 23 atoms the average mass of a C atom is 12.01 amu

3. Mass Number is Not the Same as Atomic Mass the atomic mass is an experimental number determined from all naturally occurring isotopes the mass number refers to the number of protons + neutrons in one isotope –natural or man-made Calculating Atomic Mass Gallium has two naturally occurring isotopes: Ga-69 with mass 68.9256 amu and a natural abundance of 60.11% and Ga-71 with mass 70.9247 amu and a natural abundance of 39.89%. Calculate the atomic mass of gallium. Solution: Convert the percent natural abundance into decimal form. Ga-69  0.6011 Ga-71  0.3989 Determine the Formula to Use Atomic Mass = (abundance1)∙(mass 1) + (abundance2)∙(mass 2) +... Apply the Formula: Atomic Mass = 0.6011 (68.9256 amu) + 0.3989 (70.9247 amu) = 69.72 amu

4. Relationship Between Moles and Mass The mass of one mole of atoms is called the molar mass. The molar mass of an element, in grams, is numerically equal to the element’s atomic mass, in amu.

5. One mole

6. Converting Between Moles and Number of Atoms A silver ring contains 1.1 x 10 22 silver atoms. How many moles of silver are in the ring? Write down the given quantity and its units. Given:1.1 x 10 22 Ag atoms Write down the quantity to find and/or its units. Wanted: ? Moles Collect Needed Conversion Factors: 1 mole Ag atoms = 6.022 x 10 23 Ag atoms = 1.8266 x 10 -2 moles Ag = 1.8 x 10 -2 moles Ag

7. Mole Relationships in Chemical Formulas since we count atoms and molecules in mole units, we can find the number of moles of a constituent element if we know the number of moles of the compound Moles of CompoundMoles of Constituents 1 mol NaCl1 mole Na, 1 mole Cl 1 mol H 2 O2 mol H, 1 mole O 1 mol CaCO 3 1 mol Ca, 1 mol C, 3 mol O 1 mol C 6 H 12 O 6 6 mol C, 12 mol H, 6 mol O

8. Masses of different substances that equal to one mole

10. Converting from Grams to Moles and Moles to Grams How do you calculate the number of moles of sulfur in 57.8 g of sulfur? = 1.80287 moles S = 1.80 moles S

11. Converting Between Grams and Number of Atoms How many aluminum atoms are in an aluminum can with a mass of 16.2 g? = 3.6159 x 10 23 atoms Al Sig. Figs. & Round: = 3.62 x 10 23 atoms Al

12. Converting Between Grams and Moles of Compound Calculate the mass (in grams) of 1.75 mol of water = 31.535 g H2O Sig. Figs. & Round: = 31.5 g H2O

13. Converting Between Grams and Number of Molecules Find the mass of 4.78 x 10 24 NO 2 molecules? = 365.21 g NO 2 Sig. Figs. & Round: = 365 g NO 2

14. Converting Between Grams of a Compound and Grams of a Constituent Element L-Carvone, (C 10 H 14 O), is found in spearmint oil. It has a pleasant odor and mint flavor. It is often added to chewing gum, liquors, soaps and perfumes. Find the mass of carbon in 55.4 g of carvone. Molar Mass C 10 H 14 O = 10(atomic mass C) + 14(atomic mass H) + 1(atomic mass O) = 10(12.01) + 14(1.01) + (16.00) = 150.2 g/mo 1 mole C 10 H 14 O = 150.2 g C 10 H 14 O 1 mole C 10 H 14 O  10 mol C 1 mole C = 12.01 g C

15. Solution Strategy “converting units” : g C 10 H 14 O mol C 10 H 14 O mol C gCgC = 44.2979 g C = 44.3 g C

16. Percent Composition Percentage of each element in a compound b y mass c an be determined from: 1.the formula of the compound 2.the experimental mass analysis of the compound The percentages may not always total to 100% due to rounding The mass percent tells you the mass of a constituent element in 100 g of the compound. The fact that NaCl is 39% Na by mass means that 100 g of NaCl contains 39 g Na. This can be used as a conversion factor: 100 g NaCl  39 g Na or

17. Example - Percent Composition from the Formula C 2 H 5 OH 1.Determine the mass of each element in 1 mole of the compound: Mass of Carbon = 2 moles C x (12.01 g) = 24.02 g Mass of Hydrogen = 6 moles H x (1.008 g) = 6.048 g Mass of Oxygen = 1 mol O x (16.00 g) = 16.00 g 2.Determine the molar mass of the compound by adding the masses of the elements: 1 mole C 2 H 5 OH = 46.07 g 3.Divide the mass of each element by the molar mass of the compound and multiply by 100%:

18. Example – Percent Composition of Carvone if a 30.0 g sample contains 24.0 g of C, 3.2 g O and the rest H? 1.Determine the masses of all the elements in the sample C = 24.0 g, O = 3.2 g H = 30.0 g – (24.0 g + 3.2 g) = 2.8 g 2.Divide the mass of each element by the total mass of the sample then multiply by 100% to give its percentage

19. Hydrates Hydrates are compounds that include water molecules as part of their structure Examples include: Na 2 CO 3 10 H 2 O NiCl 2 6 H 2 O What does this have to do with percent composition?

20. Percent Composition of Water Let’s say we take 1.20 g of NiCl 2 x H 2 O (a hydrate) With lots of heat from a Bunsen burner, we remove all the water and are left with 0.65 g of NiCl 2. What is the percent composition of water in the hydrate? (1.20 g of NiCl 2 6 H 2 O) - (0.65 g of NiCl 2 ) = = 0.55 g H 2 O % Comp. H 2 O = 0.55 g H 2 O (part) x 100% = 45% 1.20 g NiCl 2 x H 2 O (whole) *We didn’t need to know the exact composition of the NiCl 2 hydrate

21. % Composition and Formula We find a compound and determine that it is composed of 31.2% nitrogen and 68.8% oxygen. What is the chemical formula of the compound? For every 100. grams of material, there is 30.9 g N and 69.1 g O. We first convert to moles. 30.9 g N 1 mole N = 2.21 mole N 14.01 g 69.1 g O 1 mole O = 4.32 mole O 16.0 g

22. Examples: Empirical Formulas Hydrogen Peroxide Molecular Formula = H 2 O 2 Empirical Formula = HO Benzene Molecular Formula = C 6 H 6 Empirical Formula = CH Glucose Molecular Formula = C 6 H 12 O 6 Empirical Formula = CH 2 O

23. Finding an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data A laboratory analysis of aspirin determined the following mass percent composition. Find the empirical formula. C = 60.00% H = 4.48% O = 35.53%

24. Collect Needed Conversion Factors: 1 mole C = 12.01 g C 1 mole H = 1.01 g H 1 mole O = 16.00 g O –calculate the moles of each element Information Given:60.00 g C, 4.48 g H, 35.53 g O Find: empirical formula, C x H y O z Example: Find the empirical formula of aspirin with the given mass percent composition. This gives the formula of C 4.996 H 4.44 O 2.220. But, the formula must have the atoms in whole number ratios!

25. Find the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number of moles! Multiplying the subscripts by 4 gives the final ratio! C9H8O4C9H8O4

26. All these molecules have the same Empirical Formula. How are the molecules different? NameMolecular Formula Empirical Formula glyceraldehydeC3H6O3C3H6O3 CH 2 O erythroseC4H8O4C4H8O4 CH 2 O arabinoseC 5 H 10 O 5 CH 2 O glucoseC 6 H 12 O 6 CH 2 O

27. Molecular Formulas The molecular formula is a multiple of the empirical formula To determine the molecular formula you need to know the empirical formula and the molar mass of the compound Molar Mass real formula Molar Mass empirical formula = factor used to multiply subscripts Determine the Molecular Formula of Cadinene if it has a molar mass of 204 g/mol and an empirical formula of C 5 H 8 Determine the empirical formula. Determine the molar mass of the empirical formula: 5 C = 60.05 g, 8 H = 8.064 g C 5 H 8 = 68.11 g Divide the given molar mass of the compound by the molar mass of the empirical formula and round to the nearest whole number:

28. Multiply the empirical formula by the factor above (3) to give the molecular formula: (C 5 H 8 ) 3 = C 15 H 24 Cadinenes: Sesquiterpenes found in junipers and cedars (oil of cade)