1. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. MICHAEL D. JOHNSON FROM CELLS TO ORGAN SYSTEMS CHAPTER 4 FROM CELLS TO ORGAN SYSTEMS PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Robert J. Sullivan, Marist College Human Biology Concepts and Current Issues Second Edition

2. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Groups of cells with a common function Four primary tissues Epithelia Connective tissues Muscle Nervous Tissues

3. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Line body cavities and cover surfaces Glandular epithelia: epithelial cells adapted to make up glands Exocrine glands: secretion into ducts to exterior of body Endocrine glands: secretion into the blood to carry chemical messages throughout the body Epithelial Tissues

4. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Shape Squamous: flattened cells, line vessels, part of lungs, body surface Cuboidal: cube shaped, form lining of tubules, glandular tissue Columnar: column shaped, line respiratory, digestive, reproductive tracts Epithelial Tissues: Classification

5. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Number of layers Simple/single layered: adapted for diffusion across cell barriers, line glands, respiratory, digestive, reproductive systems Stratified/multiple layered: protection, skin surface Epithelial Tissues: Classification

6. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Basement membrane Structural support Attaches epithelial layer to underlying tissues Junctions: hold epithelial cells together Tight junctions: nothing passes Adhesion junctions/ spot desmosomes: some movement between cells Gap junctions: protein channels Epithelial Tissues: Attachments

7. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Junctions Between Cells Figure 4.2

8. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Fibrous connective tissue Loose: surrounds many organs, lines cavities around blood vessels Dense: tendons, ligaments, deeper layers of skin Elastic: surrounds stomach, bladder, maintains shape Reticular: internal framework of soft organs (liver) and lymphatic system Connective Tissue Supports and Connects Body Parts Basement membrane

9. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Special connective tissue Cartilage: produced by chondroblasts; found in lacunae; no blood vessels, high collagen content Bone: inorganic matrix with calcium slats for hardness Blood: fluid matrix of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets Adipose tissue: fat cells; function in insulation, protection, and energy storage Connective Tissue Supports and Connects Body Parts ( cont.)

10. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Function: strength and elasticity Matrix: intercellular material giving the CT its characteristics Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils Fibers: collage, elastic, reticular Fibrous Connective Tissue Special connective tissue

11. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Fibrous Connective Tissue ( cont.) Figure 4.3

12. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Skeletal muscle moves body parts voluntary, multi-nucleated Cardiac muscle function in the heart involuntary, single nuclei Smooth muscle surrounds hollow structures involuntary, single nuclei Muscle Tissue: Contracts for Movement

13. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Neuron: specialized nervous system cell Structural components: cell body, dendrites, axon Glial cells: support cells to neurons Nervous Tissue: Transmit Impulses

14. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Organ systems Groups of organs that perform a common function. Examples: Digestive system: mouth, throat, stomach, intestines, liver Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen Organs and Organ Systems Perform Complex Functions

15. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Body Cavities Figure 4.8

16. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Serous membrane: reduces friction between organs Mucous membrane: lubricates surface, captures debris Synovial membrane: lines spaces in movable joints Cutaneous membrane: skin Tissue Membranes: Line Body Cavities

17. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Anatomical Position or Direction Figure 4.9

18. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Skin: Integumentary System Figure 4.10

19. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Functions: prevent dehydration, protect from injury, defense against microorganisms, regulate body temperature, make vitamin D, sensation Structure Epidermis: outer layer, stratified squamous epithelial cells, no blood vessels, specialized keratinocytes and melanocytes Dermis: deeper layer, support tissues, fibers Skin: Integumentary System

20. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Hair: shaft, follicle Smooth muscle: attached to hair follicle, raises hair to upright position Oil glands/sebaceous glands: secretion moistens and softens skin Accessory Structures of Dermis

21. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Sweat glands: secrete sweat, help in temperature regulation Blood vessels: supply nutrients, remove waste, assist in temperature regulation Sensory nerve endings: for heat, cold, touch, deep pressure, vibration Accessory Structures of Dermis ( cont.)

22. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Maintenance of relative constancy of the conditions of the internal environment Mechanisms Negative feedback: deviations from normal detected and counteracted Components: controlled variable, sensor, control center, effector Positive feedback: amplifies original change Rarely found in organisms Homeostasis