1. What is Life?

2. Living Things What are the requirements to be called a living thing?
Sometimes nonliving things have some living characteristics,
Must have ALL characteristics to be considered living

3. The Characteristics of Life
Living and nonliving things
share common characteristics,
such as being composed of
atoms, the smallest units of
natural substances.

4. Cellular Organization
All Living things are composed of cells

5. 2. Reproduction All living things reproduce
Every living things goal is to…
Pass on its genes
Essential for the continuation of the species

6. 3. Grow and Develop Goes along with reproduction
Must go from egg to breeding adult to be able to pass on genes
Goes through stages

7. 4. Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment
Regulation of
Body temperature
water
vitamins
food
energy
minerals

8. 5. Metabolism All living things use energy
Ability to break down food for use to make energy
“Respiration”
Taking a food molecule with oxygen and making energy and carbon dioxide
Food + O2 = ATP (energy) + CO2

9. 6. Heredity All living things contain genetic information in DNA
The transmission of genetic information from parent to offspring is heredity

10. Other characteristic that living things show
Complexity
Movement
Sensitivity
Adaptation
Death

11. The Human Body: An Orientation

12. The Human Body – An Orientation
Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function
Physiology- study of how structures work
neurophysiology- how the nervous system works
cardiac physiology- how the heart works
Relationship Between Anatomy and Physiology
Each part of your body has a specific job, but they all work together.
Structure determines the function.

13. Anatomy – Levels of Study
Gross Anatomy
Large structures
Easily observable
gross (macroscopic) anatomy- studying large body structures

14. Anatomy – Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy
Very small structures
Can only be viewed with a microscope
microscopic anatomy- studying small body structures

15. Life’s Organization Life is organized on many levels.
Atoms and molecules are nonliving materials from which all of nature is built.
Cells are organized into increasingly complex levels: tissues >>> organs >>> organ systems >>> organisms.
Organisms, in turn, form populations >>> communities >>> ecosystems >>> biosphere.

16. Levels of Organization in Nature

17. Levels of Organization in Nature

18. Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering
Protects deeper tissue from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Integumentary system- skin
Function: waterproofs the body, cushions and protects, excretes salts and urea, regulates body temperature

19. Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs
Provides muscle attachment for movement
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
Skeletal system- bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints
Function: protects and supports, framework for muscles, forms blood cells, stores minerals

20. Organ System Overview Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture
Produces heat
Muscular system- skeletal muscles
Function: contract (causes movement & heat) for locomotion, facial expression, posture

21. Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external change
Activates muscles and glands
Nervous system- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
Function: (fast) control system, responds to changes, activates muscles and glands

22. Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism
Endocrine system- pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, ovaries/testes
Function: (slow) control system, growth, reproduction, metabolism

23. Organ System Overview Cardiovascular
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Wastes
Cardiovascular system- heart, blood vessels
Function: transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes in the blood

24. Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels
Disposes of debris
Involved in immunity
Lymphatic system- lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
Function: return fluid to blood vessels, cleanse blood, houses wbc

25. Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Respiratory system- nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Function: supply oxygen, remove carbon dioxide

26. Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material
Digestive system- oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum, anus
Function: breakdown food, deliver nutrients to blood, remove waste

27. Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid – base balance
Regulation of materials
Water
Electrolytes
Urinary system- kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Function: remove nitrogenous wastes from blood, maintain water, salt, acid-base balance

28. Organ System Overview Reproductive Production of offspring
Reproductive system-
♂- testes, scrotum, penis, other glands & ducts
♀- ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes, other glands
Function: produce offspring

29. Anatomical Position
Anatomical position- body erect with feet parallel and arms at sides with palms forward.

30. The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
Position
Direction
Regions
Structures

31. Directional Terms Superior- toward head Inferior- toward feet
Anterior- toward front
Posterior- toward back
Medial- toward midline
Lateral- away from midline

32. Directional Terms Intermediate- between a medial and lateral structure
Proximal- closer to attachment
Distal- farther from attachment
Superficial- toward surface
Deep- away from surface

33. Body Landmarks Anterior abdominal- body trunk below the ribs
axillary- armpit
brachial- arm
buccal- cheek

34. Body Landmarks Anterior carpal- wrist cervical- neck coxal- hip
digital- fingers & toes
femoral- thigh

35. Body Landmarks Anterior nasal- nose oral- mouth orbital- eye cavity
patellar- front of knee
pelvic- area in front of pelvis
sternal- breastbone

36. Body Landmarks
Anterior
tarsal- ankle
thoracic- chest
umbilical- navel

37. Body Landmarks Posterior cephalic- head deltoid- curve of shoulder
gluteal- buttock
occipital- posterior surface of head

38. Body Landmarks Posterior sacral- posterior surface between hips
scapular- shoulder blade
vertebral- spinal column

39. Body Planes and Sections
A section is a cut through the body or an organ along an imaginary line called a plane.
Sagittal Section- lengthwise, divides the body into left and right parts.
Midsagittal/Median Section: when both sides are equal in size.

40. Body Planes and Sections
Frontal Section / Coronal Section- lengthwise, divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Transverse Section / Cross Section- horizontal, divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

41. Body Planes
Figure 1.6

42. Body Cavities Dorsal Body Cavity Cranial and Spinal cavities.
Ventral Body Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Diaphragm- thin muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Dorsal Body Cavity- made up of the cranial and spinal cavities.
Cranial Cavity- inside the skull; contains the brain.
Spinal Cavity- surrounded by the vertebrae; contains the spinal cord.
Ventral Body Cavity- made up of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Thoracic Cavity- protected by the ribcage; contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland.
Diaphragm- thin muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
Abdominopelvic Cavity- made up of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
→ Abdominal Cavity- contains the stomach, liver, intestines, spleen, and gallbladder.
→ Pelvic Cavity- enclosed by the pelvic bones; contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum.

43. Body Cavities