1. Circulation & Respiration Chapter 42

2. Circulatory systems Closed circulatory system Vertebrates Blood
Enclosed in blood vessels & heart
Lymph
Lymph system
Interstitial fluid

3. Functions 1. Transportation Substances needed for cellular respiration
A. Respiratory
CO2 and O2
B. Nutritive
glucose
C. Excretory
Metabolic wastes, ions, water

4. Functions 2. Regulation 3. Protection Hormones
Temperature regulation (Endotherms)
3. Protection
Clotting
Proteins, platelets
Immune defense
WBC, AB

5. Components of the system
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

6. Heart 4 chambered Separates systemic & pulmonary blood systems
Systemic circulation:
Blood flow in the body
Pulmonary circulation:
Blood flow between the heart & lungs

7. Circulation

8. Circulation

9. Heart structure Atrium Small chambers Receive blood Ventricles
Larger chambers
Pump blood from heart
Septum
Separates chambers

10. Septum

11. Heart structure Valves Atrioventricular valves (AV)
Between the atrium & ventricles
Tricuspid---right
Bicuspid or Mitral---left
Semilumar valves
Exits from the ventricles
Aortic valve (L ventricle)
Pulmonary valve (R ventricle)

12. Valves

14. Heart structure Heart sounds “lub-dub” -valves closing
“lub” closing of the AV valves
“dub” closing of the semilunar valves
Murmur:
Abnormal heart sound

15. Heart structure Superior & inferior vena cava
Brings blood to heart from body
Pulmonary arteries
Blood from right side of heart to lungs
Pulmonary veins
Returns blood from lungs to heart
Aorta
Blood goes from the heart to body

16. Heart structure Coronary arteries First branches off the aorta
Supply blood to the heart

17. Coronary arteries

18. Circulation

19. Path of Blood Flow

20. Blood flow Vena cava Right atrium Tricuspid valve (AV) Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve (semilunar)
Pulmonary artery
Lungs

21. Blood flow Pulmonary veins Left atrium Mitral valve (AV)
Left ventricle
Aortic valve (semilunar)
Aorta

22. Blood flow

23. Blood flow Cardiac cycle: One cycle of heart filling & emptying
Diastole
Heart resting
Heart filling with blood
AV valves open
Semilunar valves closed

24. Diastole

25. Blood flow Systole Ventricles contracting
Pumping blood out of the heart
AV valves closed
Semilunar valves open

26. Systole

28. Blood pressure Measurement of pressure of blood in the arteries
Systolic measures ventricular contraction
Diastolic measures ventricular resting
Sphygmomanometer or BP cuff
Brachial artery
120/80 normal

29. Blood pressure

30. Cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped by left ventricle to the body per minute
5 liters per minute
Depends on heart rate
Stroke volume
Amount of pumped out per contraction (70 ml)

31. Cardiac output Increases with exercise Increased HR
Better stroke volume

32. Blood pressure Cardiac output Flow resistance in the arteries
Affect BP
More constriction higher BP
More dilation lower BP
Baroreceptors
Aorta & carotids
Medulla oblongata

33. Blood pressure Depends on blood volume Decreased volume
Decreased cardiac output
Decreased BP

34. Conduction Depolarization of heart muscle stimulates contraction
Heart contains autogenic cells
Self stimulate
SA node (sinoatrial)
Pacemaker of the heart
Located in R atrium wall
Near the superior vena cava

35. Conduction SA node Causes atrium to contract
Sends signal to the AV node
AV (atrioventricular) node
Located in wall between R atrium & ventricle
Sends signal to the bundle of His

36. Contraction Bundle of His Sends signal to the Purkinje fibers
Ventricles contract
SA⇨AV⇨Bundle of His⇨Purkinje fibers

38. Conduction

39. Conduction

40. EKG Electrocardiogram Records electrical impulses of the heart P-wave
First wave-atrium contraction
QRS-wave
Ventricles contracting
T-wave
Heart re-polarization

41. EKG or ECG

42. Vessels Arteries, arterioles Veins, venules Capillaries
arteries⇨arterioles⇨capillaries⇨venules⇨veins

43. Capillaries

44. Blood vessels

45. Vessels Structure (except capillaries) Inner layer is endothelium
Next is a layer of elastic fibers
Smooth muscle layer
Connective tissue
Capillaries
Endothelium only

46. Arteries Carry oxygen rich blood away from heart Arterioles:
Smaller arteries
Larger the artery
More elastic & recoil as blood is pumped

47. Arteries Vasoconstriction: Contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles
Decrease blood flow
Vasodilation:
Relaxation of smooth muscle
Increase blood flow
Precapillary sphincters:
Regulate blood flow

48. Veins Carry oxygen poor blood to heart Venules Smaller veins
Less smooth muscle
Skeletal muscles constrict
Help flow of blood to heart
Venous valves:
Help blood flow to heart prevent backflow

49. Capillaries Passage of oxygen & nutrients
Into cells or extracellular fluids
Passage of carbon dioxide & wastes
From cells to blood

50. Blood

51. Blood Plasma (matrix) yellow Metabolites, wastes, hormones Ions
Proteins
Albumin (fluids), globulins (antibodies), fibrinogen (clots)
Cells
RBC, WBC, platelets

52. Blood cells

53. Blood formation

54. RBC (erythrocyte) O2 & CO2 transport Hemoglobin (protein)
Erythropoietin
Hormone (Kidney )
Stimulates RBC production
Erythropoiesis
RBC production from stem cells
Spleen, bone marrow & liver remove RBC

55. Heme

56. Hemoglobin

57. RBC

58. WBC (leukocyte) Larger than RBC Contain a nucleus
Fights against infection & FB
Interstitial fluid as well as blood
Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Non-granulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

59. WBC

60. Platelets Megakaryocyte (bone marrow) Cell fragments Clotting
First to site of injury
Fibrin (protein that forms clot)

61. Platelets

62. Clotting Tissue damage Platelets arrive Cascade reactions start
Prothrombin changes to
Thrombin (enzyme)
Changes fibrinogen to fibrin
Forms clot

63. Fibrin

64. Blood More RBC than WBC Hematocrit Measurement of RBC’s in the blood
RBC last about 120 days

65. Lymph system Interstitial fluid
Fluid from blood plasma that leaves the capillaries
Surrounds the tissues
Lymph:
Returns to circulation via lymph system
Lymph nodes, lymph vessels & organs (spleen & thymus)

66. Edema Swelling of tissues Usually ankles or feet
Interstitial fluid cannot be returned
Low protein (albumin)
Liver disease
Heart disease
Pregnancy

67. Varicose veins
Too much blood in legs
Valves veins do not work

68. MI

69. Flutter

70. Atherosclerosis

71. Aneurysm

72. Infarct

73. Pacemaker

74. VSD

75. MVP