1. BIOS 162-a Review: Cardiovascular II September 26, 2011

2. Important Regulated Variable: Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) MAP = Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 (Systolic Pressure – Diastolic Pressure) Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure

3. Feedback mechanism for mean arterial pressure Stimulus: decrease in MAP Sensor: Stretch receptors in arteries

5. Feedback mechanism for mean arterial pressure Stimulus: decrease in MAP Sensor: Stretch receptors in arteries Afferent pathway: Afferent neurons Integrating center: Brainstem Set point: 100 mmHg

6. How much can the set point vary?

7. Feedback mechanism for mean arterial pressure Stimulus: decrease in MAP Sensor: Stretch receptors in arteries Afferent pathway: Afferent neurons Integrating center: Brainstem Set point: 100 mmHg Efferent pathways NeuronsEndocrine Effectors

8. How to change MAP? MAP = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance Heart RateStroke Volume Arteriolar Resistance

9. Feedback mechanism for mean arterial pressure Stimulus: decrease in MAP Sensor: Stretch receptors in arteries Afferent pathway: Afferent neurons Integrating center: Brainstem Set point: 100 mmHg Efferent pathways NeuronsEndocrine Effectors Heart Arteries Increased Stroke Volume Increased Heart Rate Increased Resistance -

10. More Detailed: Control of Heart Rate Neural – Sympathetic/parasympathetic activity at SA and AV node Endocrine – Epinepherine from the adrenal gland

11. More Detailed: Control of Stroke Volume Neural – Sympathetic activity increases contractility

12. More Detailed: Control of Arteriolar Resistance Note: resistance is directly proportional to diameter of blood vessel! Neural – Increase in sympathetic activity (epinepherine/norepinepherine) Endocrine – Local (vasodilation): metabolites, decreased oxygen, NO, prostaglandins, EDHF – Systemic (vasoconstriction): vasopressin, angiotensin II

13. Hypertension Increased blood volume – Blood glucose and change in osmotic pressure – Renal dysfunction Increased total peripheral resistance – Atherosclerosis

14. Quiz!

15. Why might women have lower hematocrit than men? Low hematocrit = anemia Blood loss can lead to low hematocrit when blood cell production can’t keep up: menstrual cycle Nutritional deficiencies?

16. What is the problem with “blood doping”? Increases risk of abnormal blood clotting Enlargement of spleen Can damage bone marrow, may lead to leukemia

17. Explain why my ankle would swell after a sprain? How does the swelling go down after it heals? Swell: normally, proteins can’t get through blood vessels. This provides osmotic pressure to keep fluid in blood vessels. When damage occurs (ankle sprain), immune cells release cytokines that increase permeability of blood vessels (to allow in macrophages). But, proteins can move in too, changing osmotic gradient. Decrease swelling: ice (causes vasoconstriction), lymphatic vessels (return interstitial fluid to circulatory system)

18. Swelling of the feet may be an indication of what? Right heart failure leads to build up of fluid in the systemic organs, especially the feet

19. Why might a soldier standing at attention eventually faint? Skeletal muscle pump, which requires contraction of skeletal muscles, moves blood back to heart. Without contraction (as in during standing at attention), blood cannot get back to heart and therefore to brain.

20. Someone with AV block would have a heart rate that is the same as/higher/lower than someone without AV block Lower: Partial AV block Complete AV block

21. Indicate which is atrial/ventricular defibrillation, and the concerns associated with each? Atrial: less concerning, because only ~15% of cardiac output comes from atrial contraction. However, concern for blood clotting Ventricular: more concerning, most cardiac output provided here. Describe how a heart would look during ventricular defibrillation?

22. Describe the abnormal heart sounds, and what causes each? Normal heart sounds: lub=AV valve closing, dub=semilunar valves closing S3: tensing of chordae tendineae (indicates excessive volume in ventricles in adults, normal in children) S4: Atrium contracting against a stiffening ventricle Murmur: insufficient valve closing