1. AP Biology 3/8/13
Chp.40:
An Introduction to Animal Structure and Function

2. Diverse Forms, Common Challenges
All organisms need to perform certain functions:
Gas exchange with environment
Obtain and digest food
Eliminate Waste
LE 40-3
Diffusion
Mouth
Two cell layers
Single cell
Gastrovascular
cavity

3. Structure and Function….
Similar structures have evolved multiple times to deal with similar functions
Ex: Convergent evolution in swimming animals

4. ….Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: structure
Physiology: function
LE 40-4
Digestive
system
Circulatory
Excretory
Interstitial
fluid
Cells
Nutrients
Heart
Animal
body
Respiratory
Blood
CO2
Food
Mouth
External environment O2
50 µm
A microscopic view of the lung reveals that it is much more spongelike than balloonlike. This construction provides an expansive wet surface for gas exchange with the environment (SEM).
10 µm
Inside a kidney is a mass of microscopic tubules that exchange chemicals with blood flowing through a web of tiny vessels called capillaries (SEM).
The lining of the small intestine, a digestive organ, is elaborated with fingerlike projections that expand the surface area for nutrient absorption (cross-section, SEM).
Unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Metabolic waste
products (urine)
Anus
0.5 cm

5. Animal Anatomy and Physiology
Most animals are composed of specialized cells organized into tissues that have different functions
Tissues make up organs, which together make up organ systems
Different tissues have different structures that are suited to their functions
Tissues are classified into four main categories: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

6. Organ systems Organ: organization of tissues
Digestive-food processing
Circulatory-internal distribution
Respiratory-gas exchange
Immune/Lymphatic-defense
Excretory-waste disposal; osmoregulation
Endocrine-coordination of body activities
Reproductive-reproduction
Nervous-detection of stimuli
Integumentary-protection
Skeletal-support; protection
Muscular-movement; locomotion
Organ: organization of tissues
Mesentaries: suspension of organs (connective tissue)
Thoracic cavity (lungs and heart)
Abdominal cavity (intestines)
Diaphragm (respiration)
Organ systems…...
(See Table 40.1)

7. Bioenergetics
the flow of energy through an animal, limits behavior, growth, and reproduction

8. Internal regulation Homeostasis: “steady state” or internal balance
Interstitial fluid: internal fluid environment of vertebrates; exchanges nutrients and wastes
Homeostasis: “steady state” or internal balance

9. Regulation
Negative feedback: change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation; i.e., body temperature
Positive feedback: physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change; i.e., uterine contractions at childbirth

10. Homeostatic Regulation of cellular fluid

11. Metabolism: sum of all energy-requiring biochemical reactions
Catabolic processes of cellular respiration (breaking down)
Calorie; kilocalorie/C
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of life (endotherms)
Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR): minimal rate powering basic functions of life (ectotherms)

12. This photograph shows a ghost crab in a respirometer
This photograph shows a ghost crab in a respirometer. Temperature is held constant in the chamber, with air of known O2 concentration flowing through. The crab’s metabolic rate is calculated from the difference between the amount of O2 entering and the amount of O2 leaving the respirometer. This crab is on a treadmill, running at a constant speed as measurements are made.
Similarly, the metabolic rate of a man fitted with a breathing apparatus is being monitored while he exercises on a stationary bike.

13. Endotherms: bodies warmed by metabolic heat
Ectotherms: bodies warmed by environment
Examples: (In general)
Endotherms –
Birds, mammals
Ectotherms –
Fish, reptiles, amphibians
Vs.
Homeotherm – constant body temp
Poikilotherm – variable body temp

14. 800,000
Endotherms
340,000
Annual energy expenditure (kcal/yr)
Basal
(standard)
metabolism
Reproduction
Temperature
regulation
Growth
Activity
60-kg female human
from temperate climate
4-kg male Adélie penguin
from Antarctica (brooding)
4,000
0.025-kg female deer mouse
from temperate
North America
4-kg female python
from Australia
8,000
Ectotherm
Total annual energy expenditures. The slices of the pie charts indicate energy
expenditures for various functions.
Energy expenditures per unit mass (kcal/kg•day). Comparing the daily energy expenditures per kg of body weight for the four animals reinforces two important concepts of bioenergetics. First, a small animal, such as a mouse, has a much greater energy demand per kg than does a large animal of the same taxonomic class, such as a human (both mammals). Second, note again that an ectotherm, such as a python, requires much less energy per kg than does an endotherm of equivalent size, such as a penguin.
Energy expenditure per unit mass
(kcal/kg•day)
438
233
36.5
5.5
Python
Human
Deer mouse
Adélie penguin

15. Homework  due Monday
Chp.40 Guided Reading: Animal Structure & Function

16. Did not use…

17. Tissues: groups of cells with a common structure and function (4 types)
1- Epithelial: outside of body and lines organs and cavities; held together by tight junctions

18. Tight Junctions – impermeable to water

19. Epithelial Tissues
basement membrane: dense mat of extracellular matrix
mucous membrane
Simple: single layer of cells
Stratified: multiple tiers of cells
Cuboidal (like dice)
Columnar (like bricks on end)
Squamous (like floor tiles)

20. Connective Tissues Bind and support other tissues
Scattered cells through matrix
Matrix - non-living material for the nourishment of cells
Fibers. Not all types of connective tissues are fibrous though. Examples are adipose tissue and blood. Adipose tissue gives "mechanical cushion" to our body. The matrix of blood is plasma.

21. Connective Tissues
Loose connective tissue: binds epithelia to underlying tissue; holds organs
Fibrous connective tissue: parallel bundles of cells
Cartilage: collagen in a rubbery matrix (chondroitin); flexible support
Bone: mineralized tissue by osteoblasts
Blood: liquid plasma matrix; erythrocytes (RBC’s) carry O2; leukocytes (WBC’s) immunity

22. Nervous Tissue
Senses stimuli and transmits signals from 1 part of the animal to another
Neuron: functional unit that transmits impulses
Dendrites: transmit impulses from tips to rest of neuron
Axons: transmit impulses toward another neuron or effector

23. Muscle Tissues
4- Muscle: capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses; myofibrils composed of proteins actin and myosin; 3 types:
A- Skeletal: voluntary movement (striated)
B- Cardiac: contractile wall of heart (branched striated)
C- Smooth: involuntary activities (no striations)

25. Organs – Containing multiple tissues
Lumen of
stomach
Mucosa: an epithelial
layer that lines the
lumen
Submucosa: a matrix of
connective tissue that
contains blood vessels
and nerves
Muscularis: consists
mainly of smooth muscle
tissue
Serosa: a thin layer of
connective and epithelial
tissue external to the muscularis
0.2 mm
Organs – Containing multiple tissues