1. Overlap of multiple irrigations

2. 3-D Uniformity Simulation

8. 3-D Uniformity simulation

9. © Irrigation Association

10. Main causes of non- uniformity Nozzles installed in the wrong order Damaged or plugged sprinklers Damaged sprinkler replaced with whatever is in the truck

11. Trash in the regulator © Irrigation Association

12. Trash on/in the sprinkler © Irrigation Association

13. Replaced by anything in the truck © Irrigation Association

14. Lower uniformity costs more pumping cost and reduced yields

15. Controlling Runoff

16. FACTORS AFFECTING RUNOFF 1. SYSTEM CAPACITY - GALLONS/MINUTE PER ACRE 780 GPM / 130 ACRES = 6 GPM/ACRE 2. DEPTH OF APPLICATION PER REVOLUTION - INCHES 3. SPRINKLER PACKAGE - SPRAY, IMPACT, LEPA 4. SOIL SURFACE CONDITIONS - AMOUNT OF WATER THE SOIL SURFACE WILL HOLD

17. POTENTIAL RUNOFF UNDER CENTER PIVOTS 0.00.20.40.60.8 1.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 PEAK APPLICATION RATE TIME, hours RATES, inches / hour TIME OF WETTING

18. POTENTIAL RUNOFF UNDER CENTER PIVOTS 900 GPM 130 ACRES 50 FT WETTED DIAMETER 1 INCH APPLICATION 0.00.20.40.60.81.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 APPLICATION RATE INFILTRATION RATE TIME, hours RATES, inches / hour

19. POTENTIAL RUNOFF UNDER CENTER PIVOTS 0.00.20.40.60.81.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 POTENTIAL RUNOFF TIME, hours RATES, inches / hour 900 GPM 130 ACRES 50 FT WETTED DIAMETER 1 INCH APPLICATION SURFACE STORAGE

20. SURFACE STORAGE SOIL DEPRESSIONS STORE WATER LESS STORAGE ON STEEP SLOPES SOIL

21. EFFECT OF SPRINKLER PACKAGES ON APPLICATION RATE 0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.4 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 TIME, hours APPLICATION RATE, inch/hr 900 gpm 1300 ft distance 1 inch applic. 130 acres PACKAGES 40 ft - 360 Degree Sprays 70 ft - Low Pressure 120 ft - Medium Pressure 160 ft - High Pressure

22. TIME OF APPLICATION, hours CHANGE OF APPLICATION RATE ALONG A PIVOT 00.20.40.60.81.0 3 2 1 0 1300 feet 650 feet 975 feet APPLICATION RATE, inches/hour

23. EFFECT OF APPLICATION DEPTH ON RUNOFF 0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.4 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 SCS INTAKE SOIL 0.8 in 1.2 in1.6 in 2.4 in TIME, hr RATES, inches / hour APPLICATION DEPTH

24. 0 2468 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1357 20 ft 40 ft 60 ft 100 ft 120 ft WETTED DIAMETER: EFFECT OF CAPACITY ON PEAK APPLICATION RATE SYSTEM CAPACITY, gpm / acre PEAK APPLICATION RATE, IN/HR 1300 ft from pivot

25. Hill side erosion from pivot

26. HOW TO REDUCE RUNOFF? 1. REDUCE SYSTEM CAPACITY - irrigate more hours per year 2. REDUCE APPLICATION DEPTH - make more revolutions per year 3. CHANGE SPRINKLER PACKAGE - increase wetted radius - may need higher pressure 4. INCREASE SURFACE STORAGE - extra tillage - make changes to pump - increase chances of getting behind

27. Nozzle Layout

28. Offsetting Drops

30. Offsets of offsetting drops

31. Spray booms on outer spans

32. Boom backs on pivot

33. Boom backs behind towers

34. Impact of booms on application rate

35. Methods of increasing Surface Storage Basin Tillage Dammer-diker Subsoiler Field cultivator Rough cloddy ground (slope dependent) Organic residue

36. Dam-Dikker

37. Basin/ reservoir tillage

38. LEPA System

39. Surface storage from crop residue

40. © Irrigation Association

41. Let’s go to our manuals

42. Pressure Regulation

43. Determine the Need for Regulators Impacts of elevation Impacts of corner systems and guns Cv and hysteresis

44. Determine the Need for Regulators, cont. Minimum pressure losses through regulators To regulate or not to regulate

46. Pressure Regulator FLOW SPRING

48. Practice example A system is on a field where elevation changes by 10 feet as the lateral travels around the pivot. The water surface in the ground water well changes by 10 feet over the course of the irrigation season, and an end-gun, when turned on, causes an increase in friction along the lateral of 2 feet. If the design pressure of the system is 20 psi, are pressure regulators are recommended? If the design pressure of the system is 50 psi?

49. Determine the Need for End Guns Does the system have regulators? Will the gun be intermittent? Is there chemigation?

50. Determine the Need for End Guns, cont. Soil intake rate concerns Base pressure of the pivot Uniformity and economics

51. Size the End Gun Capacity Sprinkler arc Pressure, booster pump Steep vs. flat curves of main pump

52. Center Pivots + End Gun Inexpensive coverage of field area beyond pivot length 80 to 100 psi needed for good coverage. Booster pump often used to increase pressure at the end gun (2,5 or 7 hp) Impact driven Gear driven

53. End gun with booster on end of lateral and a large sprinkler head each is operated separately

55. © Irrigation Association

57. Reinke End Gun

58. Corner Systems: Are they needed?

59. Center Pivots + Cornering System Allows system length to expand by up to 200’ with a single arm or 350’ in a Z configuration.

60. Corner arms 1520’ Added 53 acre if used 100% of time, 48 acre if used 90% of time 35 acre if used 66% of time. 18 acre if used 33% of time. 35 additional acres 8 acres 165’ 330 ’ 495’ 660 ’ 825’ 990’ 1320’ 1155’ 2 acres 18 acres 31 acres 49 acres 71 acres 96 acres 126acres

61. Double Action Corner

62. © Irrigation Association

64. Let’s go to our manuals again

65. End gun on/off switch

66. Kill switch

67. Temperature sensor

68. Surge proctor

69. Management Monitoring and Controls Valley Pro2

70. Remote control

71. RadioLink PanelLink AuxiliaryLink BaseStation2

72. Wheel Tracks and rutting

73. Why are wheel ruts a problem? Can result in machines bogging and stopping, or even damaging the machine. When a tower stops, it gets out of alignment with the other towers, which causes the machine to shut down. Most manufacturers consider their warranty void where machines operate with ruts deeper than 4 inches

75. Wheel rutting can be minimized by : Keeping applied water off the wheel tracks; – Booms – Directional nozzles – Span pipe drains

76. Booms at towers

77. Directional sprays

78. Span Pipe Drains span pipe drain valves, are located at the lowest points on the span pipe. whenever the machine stops, much of the water in the span drains onto the wheel track Solution – Place a fitting over the valve and connect a hose to the fitting and fix to the truss rod several feet away to discharge water away from wheel.

79. Wheel rutting can be minimized by : Increasing the load-bearing strength of the soil along the wheel track lines; – PAM – Replace soil

80. PAM bags

81. Float

82. Wheel rutting can be minimized by : Reducing the pressure applied to the soil by the wheels. – Shorter spans – Larger Tires – Tracks, three wheels etc.

83. Tracks

85. Three wheels