1. QURANIC GRAMMAR AS-SARF “Morphology of the words” Lesson 19 Lessons from the book MABADE” ALA’RABIYAH – basics of Arabic Grammar RASHEED SHARTOONI Compiled by: Sheikh Safdar Razi Ali

2. INTRANSITIVE (LAAZIM) AND TRANSITIVE (MOTA’DY) VERBS Every verb needs a verbal subject فاعل and it is either: A. Apparent, for example: جَلَسَ المعلِّمُونَ The teachers sat down B. Hidden, for example: اِلعَب (play) where the ‘you’ أنت is hidden. There are two types of verbs: A.Intransitive (LAAZIM: A verb that suffices itself with a verbal subject (subject فاعل and does not need an object مفعول به. For example: جاءَ الولَدُ (The boy came.), الشَّجَرَةُ أثمَرَتِ B. Transitive: A verb that doe not suffice itself with a verbal subject (subject فاعل ), rather it needs an object مفعول به as well. For example: کَسَرَالخادِمُ ٳبريقاً The servant broke a pitcher, القَلَمَ بَرَيتُ

3. A verb is intransitive if it denotes A natural characteristic as in شَجُعَ, A form as in طالَ, A color as in زَرِقَ, A defect as in عَوِرَ, A decoration as in غَيِدَ, being clean as in, طَهُرَ Being unclean as in قَذُرَ, being full as in شَبِعَ, and different natural states such as. مَرِضَ

4. THE DIVISION OF THE VERB INTO PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MABNI LIL MAJHOOL (unknown-passive) and MABI LIL MALOOM (known-active) An active verb is a verb whose verbal subject ( فاعل ) is mentioned with it. For example: قَطَفَ الوَلَدُتُفّاحَةً the boy picked an apple) A passive verb is a verb whose verbal subject ( فاعل ) is erased while its object ( مفعول (takes the verbal subjects place. For example: قُطِفَت تُفّاحَةٌ an apple was picked

5. Past tense A. If the passive verb is in the past tense –the letter before the last letter should be given a kasrah and all of the letters before it that had a vowel should be given a dummah. F(A)A’L(A) فَعَلَ becomes F(O)EL(A) فُعِلَ So, حَفِظَ would become حُفِظَ he protected, was protected and اِستَعلَمَ would become اُستُعلِمَ he inquired, was inquired

6. Present tense If the passive verb is in the present tense – the first letter should be given a dummah and the letter before the last should be given a fathah. Y (A)F (A) L(O) يَفْعَلُ becomes Y (O)F (A) L(O) يُفْعَلُ So, يَحفَظُ would become يُحفَظُ and يَستَعلِمُ would become يُستَعلَمُ

7. Active (MA’LOOM) & Passive (MAJHOOL) There are two categories of transitive verbs: A. Active: a verb whose verbal subject ( فاعل ) is known, for example: بَری التلميذُ قَلَماً (The student sharpened a pencil.) B. Passive: a verb whose verbal subject ( فاعل ) is not mentioned and whose object مفعول به is put in the subject’s place. For example: بُرِيَ القَلَمُ (The pencil was sharpened.) A passive verb is normally formed from a transitive verb (MOTADDI) and an object takes the place of the verbal subject ( فاعل ) after it is erased from the sentence. For example: ضَرَبَ زَيدٌ سَلِيماً (Zayd hit Salīm) becomes ضُرِبَ سَلِيمٌ (Salīm was hit.)

8. The Hollow verb (the AYN of the verb is a vowel letter). If the letter before the last letter in the Past tense is an alif, it will be changed to a yā’ and the letter before it will be given a kasrah. For example:. صِيمَ If the verb is a hollow verb in the present tense, the letter before the last is changed into an alif. For example:. يُعادُ

9. Converting intransitive to transitive Many trilateral intransitive verbs can be converted to transitive from an intransitive verb if placed into form II or IV. A. فَعَّلَ (FA’A’LA)This is form II Here the second root letter is doubled. For example: خَبَّرَ (he notified) B. أَفْعَلَ This is form IV. Here a glottal stop is added to the beginning of the root. For example: أخْبَرَ (he notified) For example: دامَ (to last) becomes أدامَ (to make last) or کَرُمَ (to be honored) becomes کَرَّمَ (to honor some one).

10. A passive requires an object (MOTADDI) which replaces the فاعل A passive verb is formed from an intransitive verb: A.If it can be made transitive by using a preposition (HARF JARR). For example: قَبَضَ الحارسُ علی اللصِّ (The guard seized the thief.) becomes قُبِضَ علی اللصِّ (the thief was seized.) :. رَغِبتُ في العلمِ B. If there is a adverbal noun of time or place (ZHARF ZAMAAN or MAKAAN) after the verb. For example: صَامَ العَابِد رَجَبًا the worshiper fasted [in] RAJABAN.) becomes صِيمَ رَجَبٌ RAJABON was fasted.) C. If there is an infinitive (MASDAR)after the verb. For example: احتَفَلَ الجمعُ احتفالاً عظيماً (The group celebrated, a great celebration ) becomes احتُفِلَ احتفالٌ عَظيمٌ (A great celebration was celebrated)

11. Converting transitive to intransitive A transitive verb is made intransitive if it is put in the forms of mutawa’ah, for example: جمَّعتُهُ. فَتَجَمَّعَ

12. IMPLIED (MOQADDAR)VOWEL SIGNS Implied vowel signs occur in the following words: A.Nouns and verbs ending in an alif. The dummah, fathah, and kasrah are implied in nouns and verbs ending in an alif. For example: الفَتَی (youth) B. Nouns and verbs ending in a yā’ proceeded by a kasrah ; The dummah and kasrah are implied in nouns and verbs ending in a yā’ proceeded by a kasrah, but the fathah is pronounced. For example: القَاضِي (judge) C. Verbs ending in a wāw proceeded by a dummah. The dummah is implied in verbs ending in a wāw proceeded by a dummah, but the fathah is pronounced. For example: يَلهو (he diverts) D. Nouns connected to the first person yā’. The dummah and fathah are implied in nouns connected to the first person yā’, but the kasrah is pronounced. For example: أُمِّي (my mother)