1. Population policies John Trites Horton High School Nova Scotia, Canada

2. Types of Population Policies Pro-natalist / Expansive Anti-natalist / Restrictive

3. Why would a country want a pro-natalist policy ? http://www.aishbaltimore.com/zz/family/rebbitzen/The_Joys_of_A_Large_Family.asp http:// www.imb.org/southern-africa/images/Malagasy_children.jpg

4. Why would a country want an anti-natalist policy ? http://www.upiasia.com/thumbnails/63232c7d88b2a81dfa3c881741f3ac7a.jpg

5. U.S.S.R. - pro-natalist Starting on July 8, 1944 the government of the U.S.S.R. began awarding medals to women in order to encourage a high fertility rate.

6. Why did the government believe there was a need for a pro-natalist policy at this time ?

7. Motherhood Medals Order of the Glory of Motherhood or Order of Maternal Glory Order of Mother Heroine 3 main categories of medals were presented

8. Motherhood Medal 2nd Class 5 children 8,000,000 awarded

9. Motherhood Medal 1st Class 6 children 4,000,000 awarded

10. Order of Maternal Glory 3rd Class 7 children 2,000,000 awarded

11. Order of Maternal Glory 2nd Class 8 children 1,000,000 awarded

12. Order of Maternal Glory 1st Class 9 children 500,000 awarded

13. Order Mother Heroine 10 children 200,000 awarded

14. For bearing, raising & educating children Order of Mother Heroine 10 children People’s Republic of Albania http://www.albaniancorner.com/store/Medals%20&%20Orders%20&%20Militaria/c22/index.html

15. Albania Communist Order MOTHERHOOD GLORY-1950 http://www.albaniancorner.com/store/Medals%20&%20Orders%20&%20Militaria/c22/index.html Class IClass II Class III 9 children6 children 3 children

16. Germany Cross of Honor of the German Mother (Ehrenkreuz der deutschen Mutter) 1938 - 1944 http://www.nobeliefs.com/mementoes.htm

17. Bronze 3 rd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 4, 5 Silver 2 nd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 6, 7 Gold 1 st Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 8 or more Diamond – 14 or more ? http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-medals/nazi2.htm

18. Bulgaria Medal for Maternity, 1st class 4 children Medal for Maternity, 2nd class 3 children http://www.shopbulgaria.com/communist-period-1948-1989-5007.html 1950 - 1991 Original style Newer style

19. Bulgarian Order of Mother Glory (original version) http://www.shopbulgaria.com/communist-period-1948-1989-5007.html Class I Class 2 Class 3 4, 5 children ? 6,7 children ? 8/9 children ?

20. Bulgarian Order of Mother Glory (newer version) http://www.shopbulgaria.com/communist-period-1948-1989-5007.html Class I Class 2 Class 3 4, 5 children ? 6,7 children ? 8/9 children ?

21. Mongolia Order of Maternal Glory : 1957 First Class Second Class 9 children 5 – 8 children http://crazymongol.tripod.com/order_of_maternal_glory.htm

22. China - anti-natalist 2 different programs in recent years Later, Longer, Fewer Policy One Child Policy

23. Later, Longer, Fewer (wan xi shao) 1971 get married later in life (mid - late twenties) wait longer for first baby and in between babies have fewer, 2 in urban areas & 3 in rural areas

24. What is the impact of late marriages on fertility?

25. One Child Policy 1979 - rewards start once 1 child contract is signed Rewards free medical care free daycare and schooling guaranteed job for child bonuses for parents extra maternity leave better housing bigger old age pension Penalties must repay financial benefits educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn parents’ wages reduced

26. Why are improved old age pensions such an important part of the policy ? How did the government persuade its citizens to cooperate ?

27. 80,000 Family Planning Workers Practice birth control for the revolution source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

30. http://www.nisjapan.minidns.net/nis/galleries/5thgradestudentwork/5thGradeChinaProject/07CN.html Part of Education Program

31. The Science of Family Planning source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

32. Peer pressure is also effectively used to keep birth rates down

33. Millions of dollars have been spent on education and on advertizing. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

36. Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policy http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

37. Clever and pretty healthy and lovely source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

38. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.htmlhttp://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

39. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

40. Do a good job in family planning to promote economic development http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

41. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

42. In the majority of the posters, is the 1 child male or female ? In addition to showing a happy child and parent(s), what other idea is often linked with the single child.

43. Why do you believe that most posters show a girl rather than a boy ?

44. How many missing girls are there in the under 20 categories ?

45. Why do the posters often suggest an association between economic prosperity and happy 1 child families ?

46. Little emperors Any social problems ?

47. In recent years China has relaxed the rules, and in some cases have even started encouraging two children. In many cases, parents are not taking advantage of this opportunity. Why ?

48. Iran: - Anti-natalist or pro-natalist ? http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/398959/2/istockphoto_398959_iran.jpg

49. 1967 – first anti-natalist policy 1979 – pro-natalist 1988 – anti-natalist 2006 – pro-natalist ?

50. 1967 start of family planning accelerating economic growth slow rapid growth (2.75%)

51. 1979 start of Islamic Revolution family planning program - western influence promotion of contraception by health officials banned procreation to bolster the ranks of “soldiers for Islam” (8 year war with Iraq) Ayatollah Khomeini http://www.fnb.to/FNB/Article/Khomeyni/Khomeiny3.jpg

52. Khomeini’s pro-natalist policy resulted in a growth rate of 3.2 % Total fertility rate rose to 7

53. 1988 Khomeini reconsidered his stance due to: faltering economy severe unemployment overcrowded & polluted cities

54. 1988 – 2001 national family planning program was revived encouraged women to wait 3 – 4 years between children discouraged childbearing for those < 18 and > 35 limit family size to 3 children

55. restricted maternity leave after 3 children family planning & mother / infant health care information incorporated into school curriculum government controlled media promoted family planning

56. religious leaders supported the gov’n’t plan (fatwas permitted & encouraged the use of all types of contraception including male and female sterilization) all couples take a class on modern contraception before marriage gov’n’t. sanctioned condom factory

57. free birth control and sterilization investment in literacy (between 1970 & 2001) males (48% – 84%) females (25% - 70%)** Total fertility rate dropped < 3 (expected to be 2 by 2010)

59. 2006 "It is said that two children is enough. I oppose this," President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad told legislators. "Our country has a lot of capacities. It even has the capacity for 120 million people.“ reduction in working hours for women to allow for more child bearing & rearing

60. Quebec - Pro-natalist 1950’s - one of the highest Fertility Rates in the developed world (Catholic & rural) 1987 - FR of 1.4 (1.7 Canada) & Quebec’s share of Canadian population was decreasing

61. Why were the issues of lower fertility rate than the Canadian average and the decreasing % of Canadian population in Quebec, so important to the politicians of Quebec ? Why did the fertility rates decrease so drastically ?

62. 1 st set of incentives $500 for each of 1 st 2 children $3000 for each subsequent child child care facilities improved & expanded tax free family allowance if 2 or more children interest free housing loans (up to $7000) 1987

63. 1992 2 nd set of incentives $500 for 1st child $1000 for 2nd child $6000 for each subsequent child other benefits remained the same 1997 Program ended after 10 yrs. of minimal success

64. Some people were extremely opposed to the use of money as an incentive. Why would this have been the case ?

65. Couples who have a baby within 5 years of finishing university will get 1/2 their student loan paid off. 2003 election Parti Quebecois ’ platform involved population expansion Bernard Landry

66. Why do you think this offer was good for only 5 years after university ? What group of people would be favoured by this policy ?

67. Since the mid-1960s, Singapore's government has attempted to control the country's rate of population growth with a mixture of publicity, exhortation, and material incentives and disincentives Singapore - anti-natalist & pro-natalist

68. 1947 – 1957 GR = 4.4 % (doubling time = ? years) various government & private programs slowed until 1970’s

69. Why did the population start to rise again quickly in the 70’s ?

70. 1969 – 1972 population disincentives raise cost of 3 rd and subsequent children civil servants received no paid maternity leave for 3 rd + income tax deductions for 2 only maternity hospitals charged progressively more for each additional child enrollment to top primary schools went to children of pre – 40 sterilized parents

71. voluntary sterilization rewarded by seven days of paid sick leave and by priority in the allocation of such public goods as housing and education publicity campaigns: "Stop at Two" and arguing that large families threatened parents' present livelihood and future security. penalties affected poor more than rich

72. The anti-natalist policies worked so well, now Singapore is promoting births again http://static.flickr.com/56/133361262_16edfe9ada_m.jpg

73. Dating pamphlets to encourage and help young couple www.wow-her.com.sg/events.htm personals.promotions.yahoo.com/singaporefp

74. Princesses Masako & Aiko Japan

75. Nepal

76. Bolivia http://info.k4health.org/pr/j50/p5.jpg

77. Ethiopia

78. Indonesia

79. Vietnam 2 children is enough

80. Vietnam

81. http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3206/3150039863_cb3ba3359d.jpg?v=0

82. India Wait until the 1st child is 3 before having your 2nd www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias-population.html

83. Egypt

84. United States

86. Eugenics GermanyAlbertaQuebec ? India Singapore China

87. India’s extremists want anti- Muslim family planning measure Ummah News ^India’s extremists want anti- Muslim family planning measure Ummah News ^ | June 14 2002 India's Hindu extremist party, the VHP, has asked the government to enforce family planning measures on the Muslim population, saying its rapid increase is "detrimental" to Hindus in the country

88. Web sites where images and limited information regarding the U.S.S.R. came from. Information regarding the Motherhood Medals indicates that the medals were presented to women only once their youngest child reached 1 year of age, and if all her other children were alive. Children killed in the service of the U.S.S.R. were considered alive for award purposes. Adopted children also counted towards the award. I assume, but don’t know for certain, that the same rules applied for all the Soviet awards.