1. The Reproductive System
Chapter 19
The Reproductive System

2. Introduction Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
Anatomy: testes, scrotum, spermatozoa, semen, penis
Physiology: ducts of the system; testosterone
Female reproductive system
Anatomy: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia, mammary glands
Physiology: menstrual cycle, estrogen
Pregnancy, embryonic development

3. Male Reproductive System
Primary sex organs: testes (male gonads, aka testicles)
Produce sperm as exocrine glands; hormones as endocrine glands
Accessory structures

4. Testes Paired oval glands approx 2” in length, 1” in diameter
Each testis is divided into lobules, containing tightly coiled seminiferous tubules, which produce sperm by spermatogenesis
Contained within scrotum

5. Scrotum Outpouching of the abdominal wall
Loose skin and superficial fascia
Supporting structure of the testes
Internally separated by a septum into two lateral portions
Cremaster muscle located in spermatic cord contracts scrotal sac, and elevates testes
Maintains temperature about 3° below body temp, for ideal sperm and hormone production

7. Spermatozoa
Mature sperm cells are produced at a rate of 300 million/day
Life expectancy once ejaculated is ~ 48 hrs
3 parts
Head, contains genetic material, acrosome
Midpiece, contains mitochondria
Tail, flagellum, locomotion

8. Testosterone
Controls development, growth, and maintenance of male sex organs
Causes descent of testes from abdomen
During puberty, stimulates bone growth
Stimulates protein build up in muscles
Stimulates maturation of sperm cells
Causes enlargement of thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple), deepening of voice
Aggression, hair patterns and recession

9. Ducts of the System
Sperm cells are moves from the convoluted seminiferous tubules into straight tubules, then eventually empty into the ductus epididymis
Epididymis: comma-shaped structure on posterior of testis, where sperm cells mature
Sperm continues to move from epididymis into vas (ductus) deferens, then upward through spermatic cord into the abdomen

10. Pathway of sperm
Sperms travels through the vas deferens, where it joins with ducts from the prostate, and the urethra, becoming the ejaculatory duct
Secretions from the bulbourethral glands join the fluid as it becomes seminal fluid (semen), which is expelled through the urethra during ejaculation.

11. Semen
A mixture of sperm cells, and secretion from the prostate, bulbourethral glands, and seminal vesicles.
Milky in color, and sticky – fructose that provides energy for sperm
Alkaline, pH of 7.2 – 7.6
Average volume 2.5 – 6 mL / ejaculation

12. Penis Shaft Glans penis – distal head
Prepuse – foreskin, removed during circumcision
Internally, spongy sinuses engorge with blood during erection

13. Female Reproductive System
Primary sex organs – ovaries (female gonads), paired
Produce ova (ovum), eggs as exocrine glands
Produce estrogen and progesterone as endocrine glands
Accessory structures: fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitalia

14. Ovaries Located in upper pelvic cavity Size of unshelled almonds
Held in position by suspensory ligaments

15. Ovum
Each ovary contains ovarian follicles in various stages of development
Oocyte is an immature follicle
Mature egg is called a graafian follicle
After egg ruptures from follicle, it changes into the corpus luteum (“yellow body”) which produces estrogen and progesterone

17. Fallopian Tubes
Paired tubes, transporting ova from each ovary to the uterus
Infundibulum is a funnel-shaped open end; lies close to, but not attached to, ovary
Fimbriae surround infundibulum and ovary

18. Uterus In pelvic cavity Between rectum and bladder
Where fertilized egg implants
Narrow opening is cervix
Fundus at top
Endometrium

19. Cervix Opens into vagina Isthmus small constricted region
Interior is cervical canal
Internal os opens into uterine cavity
External os opens into vagina

20. Vagina Passageway for menstrual flow Organ of copulation (coitus)
Birth canal
Perineum – diamond shaped area between buttocks and thighs (M&F). Anterior urogenital triangle, and posterior urogenital triangle

21. External genitalia Vulva (pudendum) Mons pubis Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
Hymen
Skene’s glands
Bartholnin’s glands

23. Mammary Glands Present in both males and females Modified sweat glands
In females, alveoli cells produce milk, called lactation
Estrogen causes glands to increase in size during puberty
15 – 20 lobes separated by adipose tissue

24. Pregnancy Ovum ruptures from ovary; must be fertilized within 24 hours
Ejaculated sperm viable up to 48 hours in female reproductive tract
Intercourse must occur 72 hrs before, to 24 hrs after, ovulation
Zygote is fertilized egg

25. Embryonic development
Zygote travels down uterine tube, becoming a blastocyst (blastula)
It implants into uterine wall, consists of 100 cells, called chorionic vesicle
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Uterine tissues form placenta
Embryo becomes surrounded by amniotic sac (amnion)

26. Embryonic development II
Embryo is attached by umbilical cord
By 9th week, embryo looks human
Uterus changes to accommodate fetus
Childbirth is called parturition
Fetus is expelled through process of labor

28. Gestation (pregnancy)
Trimesters
Due date
Estimated date of confinement
Quickening – first movement
Viable – when fetus is capable of living outside the mother

29. The Mother Nulligravida – never pregnant
Nullipara – never born a viable child
Primigravida – during first pregnancy
Primipara – born one viable child
Multiparous – given birth two or more times

30. Childbirth Parturition – labor and delivery Amniotic sac Presentation
Antepartum
Dilation
Effacement – thinning and shortening of cervix
Amniotic sac
Bag of waters
Presentation
Crowning
Placenta
Postpartum

33. Pathology of Pregnancy and Childbirth
Ectopic Pregnancy – fertilized egg is implanted and develops outside of uterus
Spontaneous abortion
Miscarriage
Induced abortion
Preeclampsia – pregnancy induced hypertenstion
Eclampsia - more serious, convulsions or coma

34. Pathology of Childbirth
Abruptio placentae – placenta separates from uterine wall prematurely
Placenta previa – placenta implants lower portion of the uterus
Premature infant
Stillbirth

35. Diagnostic Procedures
Amniocentesis
Fetal ultrasound
Electronic fetal monitor – monitors fetal heart rate and uterine contractions
Pelvimetry – radiographic study of pelvis dimensions
Pregnancy test – tests human chorionic gonadotropin hormone levels

36. Treatment & Procedures
Apgar score – evaluation of a newborns physical status
Episiotomy-surgical incision through the perineum
Prevent Lacerations