1. 1 Farming and the Emergence of Complex Societies 10,000 – 1,000 BCE.

2. 2 Join us for the world tour!

3. 3 STOP! I know what you’re thinking!

4. 4 Farming and complex societies? Where did they come from? I thought we were still I thought we were still hunting and gathering!

5. 5 Today10k years ago 200k yrs ago Big Era 2 …and changes have always been—and still are—part of human history. Let’s look for a minute at the changes that took place in before this time. You DO remember Prehistory, don’t you? Big Eras 3-9 Big Era 1 Farming and complex societies are the result of CHANGE…

6. 6 Today10k years ago 200k yrs ago Big Era 2 The era before this time period is the era that covers the period from 200,000 to 10,000 years ago. Many changes happened to before this time period was fraught with change. Shall we do a quick review? quick review? Big Eras 3-9 Big Era 1

7. 7 200k yrs ago Human Origins Today10k years ago Big Era 2 Big Eras 3-9 Big Era 1 Homo erectus doing lunch You will probably recall that life 200,000 years ago looked something like this.

8. 8 10k years ago 200k yrs ago Human Origins Today Big Era 2 Big Eras 3-9 Big Era 1 Homo sapiens at home 10,000 years ago at the close of before this time, life looked more like this:

9. 9 Homo erectus – 200,000 years ago Homo sapiens – 10,000 years ago Notice any changes? Would you say there were: (c) Lots of changes? (b) Some changes? (a) No changes?

10. 10 Complex Society One way of human beings living together What are some other ways? Hunter-gatherer societiesHunter-gatherer societies Pastoral nomadic societiesPastoral nomadic societies Small-scale farming societiesSmall-scale farming societies

11. 11 If you said there were “(c) Lots of changes,” you were obviously paying attention. If, on the other hand, you chose “(a) No changes” or “(b) Some changes,” you must have been out with the flu so far this year. (Hope you are feeling better!).

12. 12 Hints What were those changes Americas Are these going to be on the test? Any guesses? Boomerang So, it’s antelope burgers tonight, right?

13. 13 1,000 years agoToday Big Eras 4-9 10,000 years ago Big Era 3 Big Era 2 Changes that occurred by the end of during era of prehistory (Beginning of era where complex societies were formed) 1.Homo sapiens appear. 2.Language develops. 3.Habitats expand. 4.Technology multiplies. 5.Wall painting and sculpture are created. End of Big Era Two (Beginning of Big Era 3)

14. 14 Keeping those changes in mind, let’s look in mind, let’s look at life all the way at the end of this era, that is, about 1,000 BCE. 1,000 years ago 10,000 years ago Today Big Era 3 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 2

15. 15 1,000 years ago 10,000 years ago Today Big Era 3 Big Eras 4-9 Big Era 2

16. 16 Quite a few, Huh? Notice any Differences?

17. 17 Jot down some notes on what events you think might have taken place between 10,000 and 1,000 BCE. HERE? HERE to So, how did we get from…

18. 18 which reflects the DOMESTICATION of… and plants animals 1,000 years agoToday Big Eras 4-9 10,000 years ago Big Era 3 Big Era 2 One of the major changes is reflected in this frieze on a wall in Mesopotamia (today Iraq) :

19. 19 Plants trick animals to spread seeds they eat them and then go to bathroom. Gives seed fertilizer as well. To get them to plants that taste good are more likely to be eaten and therefore spread.Plants trick animals to spread seeds they eat them and then go to bathroom. Gives seed fertilizer as well. To get them to plants that taste good are more likely to be eaten and therefore spread. How does Plant Domestication come about

20. 20 (scan or copy charts on pg. 99 & 100 Guns Germs and Steel).(scan or copy charts on pg. 99 & 100 Guns Germs and Steel).

21. 21 Farmers spend more hours working per day than hunter gatherers P. 107Farmers spend more hours working per day than hunter gatherers P. 107 –the answer is that it evolved. It started out as mixed economies and the balance over time switched to more farmingIt started out as mixed economies and the balance over time switched to more farming Why do people move toward farming over hunting and gathering

22. 22 However there are 5 major contributing factorsHowever there are 5 major contributing factors –Decline of availability of wild foods –Depletion of wild game –Development of technology for food production such as sickles, baskets for harvesting mortars, pestles, or grinding slabs technique for roasting grains so they can be stored without sproutingsuch as sickles, baskets for harvesting mortars, pestles, or grinding slabs technique for roasting grains so they can be stored without sprouting –Rising population –Denser population of farmers allowed them to displace or kill off hunter gatherersallowed them to displace or kill off hunter gatherers

23. 23 Animals feed societies in four waysAnimals feed societies in four ways Directly as meat Directly as meat –Major source of protein replacing wild game Americans get most animal protein from cows, sheep, pigs, and chickensAmericans get most animal protein from cows, sheep, pigs, and chickens Serve as sources of milk Serve as sources of milk Milked animals includeMilked animals include –Cow--Sheep –Goat--Horse –Reindeer--Water buffalo –Yak--Arabian and Bactrian camels How about animal domestication How does that fit in. Animals help to feed societies in four ways can you guess what they are?

24. 24 FertilizerFertilizer Manure is still the major source of crop fertilizer today Manure is still the major source of crop fertilizer today Work forceWork force Pulling plows and thereby making it possible for people to till the land which had previously been uneconomical for farming Pulling plows and thereby making it possible for people to till the land which had previously been uneconomical for farming Plow animals Plow animals Cow*HorseCow*Horse Water buffalo*Bali cattleWater buffalo*Bali cattle Yak/ cow hybridsYak/ cow hybrids WAIT THERE’”S MORE!

25. 25 Agriculture leads to more population growth than hunter gathering societiesAgriculture leads to more population growth than hunter gathering societies A hunter gatherer mother can carry only one child and her possessions while moving around. She can not bear another child until the first child is old enough to walk fast enough to keep up with the tribe and not hold it back. Hunter gatherers spaced their children by about 4 yearsA hunter gatherer mother can carry only one child and her possessions while moving around. She can not bear another child until the first child is old enough to walk fast enough to keep up with the tribe and not hold it back. Hunter gatherers spaced their children by about 4 years Abstinence, infanticide, abortionAbstinence, infanticide, abortion Agricultural societies can bear as many children as they can feedAgricultural societies can bear as many children as they can feed Birth rates for agricultural societies are one every two yearsBirth rates for agricultural societies are one every two years Who does better agricultural societies or hunter-gatherers and why?

26. 26 Storing food Hunter-gather societies have a tough time storing food If they kill more than they need it is of little use after a few daysIf they kill more than they need it is of little use after a few days If they can not have excess food than they can not have specialized workersIf they can not have excess food than they can not have specialized workers Since all able bodied hunter gathers are needed to hunt for food so therefore they are relatively egalitarian societiesSince all able bodied hunter gathers are needed to hunt for food so therefore they are relatively egalitarian societies

27. 27 Agricultural societies can store foodAgricultural societies can store food –Therefore they can have specialized workers Specialized workers includeSpecialized workers include –Kings –Bureaucrats Once food can be stockpiledOnce food can be stockpiled –It can be controlled by the political elite –Who can assert the authority for taxation, escape need to grow food, and spend full time on political activities

28. 28 Other uses for animals and plants Animals as clothing / toolsAnimals as clothing / tools Agriculture and animals can also provide fiber for clothing, blankets, nets and rope, bones can be used to make toolsAgriculture and animals can also provide fiber for clothing, blankets, nets and rope, bones can be used to make tools

29. 29 Animals as Transportation Before animal domestication the major means of transport was on the backs of menBefore animal domestication the major means of transport was on the backs of men –Animals Used for transportation Horses*DonkeyHorses*Donkey Yak*ReindeerYak*Reindeer Camel*LlamaCamel*Llama

30. 30

31. 31 Animals in wars Horses have been very important Elephants have been used on occasion

32. 32 So why did they not domesticate more animals Animal Domestication ( copy pg. 160 Guns Germs and Steel).Animal Domestication ( copy pg. 160 Guns Germs and Steel). Reasons for failed domestication of animalsReasons for failed domestication of animals –Diet- carnivores too expensive –Growth rate- they must grow quickly –Problems with captive breeding –Personality- if animal has nasty disposition –Tendency to Panic- nervous animals are difficult to keep in captivity –Social Structure- live in herds, maintain a well-developed dominance hierarchy and occupy overlapping home ranges rather than mutually exclusive territories

33. 33 Germs Advantages of Farmers- live in denser populations than hunter gatherers. And therefore breathe out nastier germs. Also live in and around own sewage, rodents are also attracted to stored food,Advantages of Farmers- live in denser populations than hunter gatherers. And therefore breathe out nastier germs. Also live in and around own sewage, rodents are also attracted to stored food, Many germs come from animals in fact most of the worst epidemic diseases evolved from diseases of animalsMany germs come from animals in fact most of the worst epidemic diseases evolved from diseases of animals Until WWII most people who died did so from germs then battle wounds wars were won by those with the nastiest germsUntil WWII most people who died did so from germs then battle wounds wars were won by those with the nastiest germs

34. 34 How diseases- germs evolve Evolve like other speciesEvolve like other species –Evolution suggests those individuals most productive in producing babies. For a microbe that means infecting more patients. Many symptoms are ways the germ uses our body to spread itself. StrategiesStrategies –Wait to be eaten by next host- example salmonella bacterias –Hitchhike in the saliva-example diseases from mosquitoes, or fleas, etc. –Change anatomy to allow transmission- creating sores –Inducing coughing and/or sneezing

35. 35 Have you ‘herd’ about pastoralism? Have you ‘herd’ about pastoralism? Domestication of plants and animals was a monumental change. It resulted in the new way of living we know as FARMING(AGRICULTURE)… 1,000 years agoToday Big Eras 4-9 10,000 years ago Big Era 3 Big Era 2 …which included both PASTORALISM (herding sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels), and…

36. 36 Crop-growing (cultivating domesticated plants), and… 1,000 years agoToday Big Eras 4-9 10,000 years ago Big Era 3 Big Era 2

37. 37 the development of… FARMING COMMUNITIES 1,000 years agoToday Big Eras 4-9 10,000 years ago Big Era 3 Big Era 2

38. 38 Mesoamerica AndesAmazonia Eastern North America New Guinea China Ethiopia WestAfrica Fertile Crescent Between about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farming appeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places, possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map. 1,000 years agoToday Big Eras 4-9 10,000 years ago Big Era 3 Big Era 2 Nile valley

39. 39 Prior to farming, population size in any one area was limited by the availability of wild game, grain, berries, seeds, and nuts. Farming and the large, relatively dependable crops it provides allowed for… POPULATION INTENSIFICATION That means population increases in certain areas. Population in those areas became both larger and denser.

40. 40 At the same time, farmers in some places were, in spite of population growth, able to produce SURPLUS food. SURPLUS food. What does SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION mean for a society?

41. 41

42. 42 SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION… …means that not everyone has to grow food or tend animals. They can take on other tasks. They can specialize in some non- farming task.

43. 43 Complex Division of Labor Means Specialization of Occupations Surplus production means that some people do not have to grow food or raise animals. They can take on other tasks. This allows social and cultural relations to become much more complex. How many of you have parents who are farmers? Who has a parent with a highly specialized occupation?

44. 44 This is called… Job Specialization. Men and women may become: WeaversWeavers Stone MasonsStone Masons PottersPotters PriestsPriests ScribesScribes TradersTraders Army officersArmy officers

45. 45 So, let’s have a quick review of that last sequence of events.

46. 46 Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Surplus Food Specialization PopulationIntensification Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION 1,000 years agoToday Big Eras 4-9 10,000 years ago Big Era 3 Big Era 2

47. 47 Hint, hint! You might want to make a note of these as we go along. Civilizations have a number of elements in common.

48. 48 Civilization Remember it. Write it down. Did you catch that term? Can you define it? Answer: A civilization is a complex society.

49. 49 Elements of civilization include: Mohenjo Daro Hammurabi’s Law Code It’s the law Pharaohs 1) Cities 2) Central governments And Law codes

50. 50 1) Cities 2) Central governments and law codes and law codes Elements of Civilization include: Can you identify the society the societyrepresented by each of these two writing samples? 3) Writing and record keeping 4) Highly organized religions

51. 51 The idea of a writing system may have emerged independently in only two places: Egypt/Mesopotamia and Mesoamerica. Until recently scholars thought that the earliest writing system appeared in Mesopotamia. But now they have discovered a possible sample of writing from Egypt that is older than anything found in Mesopotamia. A writing system may have emerged in China independently, but we are not sure. What do you think were the earliest purposes of writing? In ancient complex societies, only a tiny minority of scribes and officials knew how to write. Why might the state prefer it that way? Complex Writing Systems

52. 52 Cuneiform writing in ancient Mesopotamia

53. 53 Character-based, or logographic writing Chinese character for “horse” Alphabetic writing: Arabic & an early form of French. c. 2000 BCE picture scratched onto bone or shell c. 600 BCE writing looks less like a picture c. 300 CE when writers began using brushes, lines got longer present modern character is simplified Carolingian minuscule: This script was completed form by A.D. 781. It then spread rapidly throughout Europe.

54. 54 3) Writing and record keeping 4) Highly organized religion 5) Specialized Jobs Full-time monk Assyrian slaves In Egypt 6) Social Classes 1) Cities 2) Central Governments and law codes Elements of Civilization include:

55. 55 7) Complex Technologies Chariot 5) Specialized jobs 6) Social classes Bronze Sword 3) Writing and record keeping 4) Highly organized religion 1) Cities 2) Central governments and law codes Elements of Civilization include:

56. 56 So, have you been paying attention or doing a bit of day dreaming? Let’s check! Can you list some of the elements of a civilization? Clue: There were 7!

57. 57 Good job, huh? Check your answers below: Good job if your list includes: 1.Cities 2.Central governments and law codes 3.Writing and record-keeping 4.Specialized jobs 5.Social classes 6.Complex technologies 7.Highly organized religions

58. 58 3,000 years ago By 3,000 BCE, societies in Southwest Asia and Egypt were developing elements of complex societies. Are we supposed Are we supposed to be taking notes on this? 1,000 years agoToday Big Eras 4-9 10,000 years ago Big Era 3 Big Era 2

59. 59 By the end of Big Era Three, about 1000 BCE, there were several well- established civilizations in Afroeurasia. There were also two new ones in the Americas. At least two civilizations in Afroeurasia, the Minoan in the Mediterranean region and the Harappan in the Indus River valley had already come and gone.

60. 60 Now, looking back over Big Era Three, let’s review the major changes. 1,000 years agoToday Big Eras 4-9 10,000 years ago Big Era 3 Big Era 2

61. 61 Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Surplus Food Specialization PopulationIntensification Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION 1,000 years agoToday Big Eras 4-9 10,000 years ago Big Era 3 Big Era 2

62. 62 That translates into: FarmersHerdersCities Central governments Armies Monumental buildings Written language Social hierarchies Complex belief systems In 10,000 BCE none of these existed in the world. By 1,000 BCE they all did.

63. 63. Not only has life changed culturally and technologically, but also the rate of change has accelerated. 10k years ago Art 200k yrs ago Language Big Era 2 Big Era 1 Today Big Eras 4-9 1k years ago Dogs, sheep. goats, horses, wheat, rice, chiles, potatoes—all domesticated Plow farming Law Codes Chariots Temple building Sailing technology Coppersmelting Alphabet Wheel Writing Irrigation Regular trade routes Calendars Pottery Bow & arrow Pyramids Walled cities Letters and envelopes 360-degree circle BE3

64. 64 Make a few notes and discuss this question with your teacher and fellow students. What factors do you think might account for this increasing rate of change? You may have noticed that the difference between the rate of change in Big Era Two and in Big Era Three is enormous.

65. 65 Come to think of it, things changed REALLY fast In the 20th century. I wonder what the rate of change is going to be like in the 21st century? As you move on to Big Era Four (1,200 BCE to 500 AD), keep your eye on the rate of change. Does it keep increasing? Level off? Slow down? Do the factors you have identified as affecting the rate of change in Big Era Two and Big Era Three still apply?

66. 66 Well, that’s all for Big Era Three, but don’t go away. Hang on to your notes and stay tuned for…

67. 67 Big Era Four! Coming SOON to a classroom near you.