1. 1 of 51 What is Public Health? Public Health is Healthy People in Healthy Communities

2. 2 of 51 Definition of Public Health Public health is the science and art of Preventing disease. Prolonging life. Organizing community efforts for the: Sanitation of the environment. Control of communicable diseases. Education of the individual in personal hygiene. Organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease. Development of the social machinery to ensure everyone a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health. (Winslow, 1923)

3. 3 of 51 “On Airs, Waters, and Places” “ These things one ought to consider most attentively, and concerning the waters which the inhabitants use, whether they be marshy and soft, or hard, and running from elevated and rocky situations, and then if saltish and unfit for cooking; and the ground, whether it be naked and deficient in water, or wooded and well watered, and whether it lies in a hollow, confined situation, or is elevated and cold; and the mode in which the inhabitants live, and what are their pursuits, whether they are fond of drinking and eating to excess, and given to indolence, or are fond of exercise and labor, and not given to excess in eating and drinking.” Hippocrates, 400 BC, translated by Francis Adam

4. 4 of 51 Plague in Marseilles, 1720

5. 5 of 51 Tuberculosis Whooping Cough Measles Death Rates 1860 – 1970 Deaths per 100,000

6. 6 of 51 Leading Causes of Death, 1990 1.Heart disease 2.Cerebrovascular disease 3.Cancer – lung, trachea 4.Lower respiratory infections 5.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 6.Cancer – colon, rectum 7.Cancer – stomach 8.Traffic accidents 9.Self-inflicted injuries 10.Diabetes Developed Nations 1.Lower respiratory infections 2.Heart disease 3.Cerebrovascular disease 4.Diarrhoeal diseases 5.Perinatal conditions 6.Tuberculosis 7.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 8.Measles 9.Malaria 10.Traffic accidents Developing Nations

7. 7 of 51 Twentieth Century Governmental Reform 1908 First Bureau of Child Hygiene, New York City Health Dept. Dr. Josephine Baker Appointed Bureau chief. Established school nurse program.

8. 8 of 51 Representations (1800s) DickensDaumier

9. 9 of 51 What are the Requirements for Survival? Write down a list of critical things that humans need.

10. 10 of 51 Mortality Rates U.S. vs % GNP Spent on Medical Care, 1900-1970 J. McKinley and S. McKinley, “The Questionable Contribution of Medical Measures to the Decline of Mortality in the Twentieth Century.” Millbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 55 (1977): 413 Millbank Memorial 8.5% 7.5% 6.5% 5.5% 4.5% 3.5% % GNP on Medical Care Percent GNP on Medical Care Total Mortality Mortality Minus 11 Infectious Diseases Mortality rates per 1,000

11. 11 of 51 New York State Courts

12. 12 of 51 U.S. Congress State Legislatures Federal Agencies State Agencies Local Health Dept. Municipal Home Rule U.S. Constitution State Constitution Legal Hierarchy

13. 13 of 51 Legal Functions Rules, Regulations Laws, Statutes, Ordinances Legislative BranchExecutive Branch Judicial Branch Interpretations

14. 14 of 51 Examples HostAgentEnvironment HumanBacteria, VirusWater, Food, Air HumanEnergyAutomobile