1. 1. The Enlightenment- An Intellectual movement that brought new ideas from Europe. It caused the American colonists to use logic and reason to question England’s authority. The Founding of the Nation 2. The Great Awakening An Religious movement that caused the American colonists to questions religious leadership and bring people back to the church.

2. 3. John Locke- an Enlightenment thinker, who believed that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. He felt that a government is a social agreement between the leaders and the people The Founding of the Nation 4. natural rights- the belief that developed during the Enlightenment that people had certain rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property

3. 5. Declaration of Independence- the document, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, in which the delegates of the Continental Congress declared the colonies’ independence from Britain. 6. Articles of Confederation- A document; approved by the Second Continental Congress in 1781; that outlined the form of government of the new United States. 6. Articles of Confederation- A document; approved by the Second Continental Congress in 1781; that outlined the form of government of the new United States. The Founding of the Nation

4. 7. Shay's Rebellion- An uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers protesting increased state taxes in 1787. The Founding of the Nation

5. 8. Virginia Plan- A plan proposed by James Madison, called for a bicameral (two house) legislature with membership based on a state’s population. The larger states favored this plan. 9. New Jersey Plan- A plan proposed by William Paterson, called for a unicameral (single house) legislature in which each state had an equal vote(representation). The smaller states favored this plan. The Founding of the Nation

6. 10. Great Compromise- An agreement between large and small states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 that combined the New Jersey and Virginia Plans that proposed a bicameral legislature. 11. 3/5 Compromise- An agreement worked out at the Constitutional Convention stating that enslaved people would be counted as three- fifths of a person when determining a state's population for representation in the lower house of Congress The Founding of the Nation

7. 12. Constitution- The fundamental laws and principles that prescribe the nature, functions and limits of the United States government. 13. Bill of Rights- The first ten amendments to the US Constitution; consisting of a formal list of citizens’ rights and freedoms. The Founding of the Nation

8. 14. Federalism- A political system in which a national government and state governments share power. 15. Separation of Powers- The three branches of government: legislative branch (make laws), executive branch (carry out laws), and judicial branch (interpret laws and settle disputes). The Founding of the Nation

9. 16. Checks and Balance- A system which prevents any one branch from dominating the other two. 17. Marbury v. Madison- an 1803 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power came to be known as judicial review. The Founding of the Nation

10. 18. Popular Sovereignty- A system in which the residents vote to decide an issue. 19. Missouri Compromise- A compromise admitting Missouri into the union as a slave state. States located above the 36 th parallel line would be free states, those below would be slave states. The Founding of the Nation

11. 20. Compromise of 1850- was a series of five laws which balanced the interests of the slave states and the free states to resolve the territorial and slavery controversies arising from the Mexican-American War. California was admitted as a free state. 21. Dred Scott case- a slave who attempted to use the courts as a means of earning his freedom. Scott lost the decision and the Supreme Court declared no slave or descendant of a slave could be a U.S. citizen. The Founding of the Nation

12. 22. Secession - The years of 1860 and 1861 when eleven southern states each declared themselves seceded from the United States and joined together to form the Confederate States of America. The Founding of the Nation

13. 23. Reconstruction-the period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union. 24. Jim Crow Laws/Black Codes- laws enacted by Southern state and local governments to separate white and black people in public and private facilities. The Founding of the Nation

14. 25. Plessy v. Ferguson- Supreme Court case that supported the idea of racial segregation as fair (legal) under the Constitution. Created the separate-but- equal doctrine. 25. Plessy v. Ferguson- Supreme Court case that supported the idea of racial segregation as fair (legal) under the Constitution. Created the separate-but- equal doctrine. The Founding of the Nation