1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

2. What Parties Do for Democracy A Brief History of American Political Parties American Parties Today How Parties Raise and Spend Money Are the Political Parties Dying? Chapter 7: Political Parties

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman What Parties Do for What Parties Do for Democracy LO 7.1 Identify the primary functions of parties in democracies and distinguish the U.S. party system from those in European democracies. A Brief History of American Political Parties LO 7.2 Trace changes in American political parties and identify four realigning elections. Chapter Outline and Learning Objective

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman American Parties Today LO 7.3 Differentiate the functions of parties as institutions, parties in government, and parties in the electorate. How Parties Raise and Spend Money LO 7.4 Explain party fundraising and expenditures, and assess their regulation. Chapter Outline and Learning Objective

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Are Political Parties Dying? LO 7.5 Assess the effects of recent party reforms and the long-term prospects for the current party system. Chapter Outline and Learning Objective

6. What Parties Do for Democracy LO 7.1 Identify the primary functions of parties in democracies and distinguish the U.S. party system from those in European democracies. What Parties Do For Democracy Organize the Competition Unify the Electorate Help Organize Government Translate Preferences into Policy Provide Loyal Opposition Back to Learning Objectives LO 7.1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

7. The Nomination of Candidates From the beginning, parties have been the mechanism by which candidates for public office are chosen. LO 7.1 Back to Learning Objectives What Parties Do for America

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Party Systems Ours is a two-party system; most other democracies have a multiparty system. Although the United States has many minor parties, only the two major parties have much of a chance to win elections. Multiparty systems are almost always found in countries that have a parliamentary government, in contrast to our presidential system. LO 7.1 Back to Learning Objectives What Parties Do for America

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Minor Parties: Persistence and Frustration Although we have a primarily two-party system in the United States, we also have minor parties, sometimes called third parties. Minor parties that are organized around an ideology usually persist over a longer time than those built around a particular leader. LO 7.1 Back to Learning Objectives What Parties Do for America

10. LO 7.1 Back to Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

11. LO 7.1 Back to Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

12. A Brief History of American Political Parties LO 7.2 Trace changes in American political parties and identify four realigning elections. A Brief History of American Political Parties Political parties emerged largely out of practical necessity. In 1787, parties began to form as citizens debated the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. LO 7.2 Back to Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

13. Realigning Elections 1824: Andrew Jackson and the Democrats 1860: The Civil War—the Rise of the Republicans 1896: A Party in Transition 1932: Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal LO 7.2 Back to Learning Objectives A Brief History of American Political Parties

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The Last Half Century Major shifts in party demographics have occurred in recent decades. Since 1953, divided government, with one party controlling Congress and the other the White House, has been in effect twice as long as united government. Elections during the past few decades have seen power change hands numerous times without any long-term shifts in the population in party allegiance. LO 7.2 Back to Learning Objectives A Brief History of American Political Parties

15. American Parties Today LO 7.3 Differentiate the functions of parties as institutions, parties in government, and parties in the electorate. Parties as Institutions National Party Leadership Party Platforms Parties at the State and Local Levels LO 7.3 Back to Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

16. Parties in Government Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch State and Local Levels LO 7.3 Back to Learning Objectives American Parties Today

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Parties in the Electorate Party Registration Party Activists Party Identification Partisan Dealignment? LO 7.3 Back to Learning Objectives American Parties Today

18. LO 7.3 Back to Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

19. LO 7.3 Back to Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

20. LO 7.3 Back to Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

21. How Parties Raise and Spend Money LO 7.4 Explain party fundraising and expenditures, and assess their regulation. How Parties Raise and Spend Money Political parties rely on contributions from individuals and interest groups to fund their activities. Because of the close connection, political parties have with office holders, the courts have long permitted regulation of the source and amount of money people and groups can contribute to parties, as well as the amount parties can spend with or contribute to candidates. LO 7.4 Back to Learning Objectives

22. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Party Expenditures Party committees are permitted to make contributions to candidates and can also spend a limited amount of money in what are called “coordinated expenditures.” Compared to other countries, the United States has less public funding of political parties and candidates. LO 7.4 Back to Learning Objectives How Parties Raise and Spend Money

23. LO 7.4 Back to Learning Objectives Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

24. Are the Political Parties Dying? Critics of the U.S. party system make three allegations against it. Some analysts fear that parties are in severe decline or even mortally ill. Legislation limiting the viability and functions of parties was bad enough, say the party pessimists, but parties suffer from additional problems. LO 7.5 Back to Learning Objectives Are the Political Parties Dying? LO 7.5 Assess the effects of recent party reforms and the long-term prospects for the current party system. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

25. Are Political Parties Dying? Are the Political Parties Dying (cont.) Reform Among the Democrats Reform Among the Republicans LO 7.5 Back to Learning Objectives

26. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Continued Importance of Parties Political parties are vital to the functioning of democracy. Parties are just as important in organizing the government. Parties also provide an important way for citizens to influence government. LO 7.5 Back to Learning Objectives Are Political Parties Dying?

27. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of these is NOT a function of political parties? A.Organize the competition B.Unify the electorate C.Translate preferences into policy D.Provide loyal opposition E.All of these are functions of political parties. LO 7.1 Back to Learning Objectives

28. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman A.Organize the competition B.Unify the electorate C.Translate preferences into policy D.Provide loyal opposition E.All of these are functions of political parties. Which of these is NOT a function of political parties? LO 7.1 Back to Learning Objectives

29. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a realigning election? A.Weak voter involvement B.Disruptions of traditional voting patterns C.Changes in the relationships of power within the broader political community D.The formation of new and durable electoral groupings LO 7.2 Back to Learning Objectives

30. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman A.Weak voter involvement B.Disruptions of traditional voting patterns C.Changes in the relationships of power within the broader political community D.The formation of new and durable electoral groupings LO 7.2 Back to Learning Objectives Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a realigning election?

31. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of following is intended to be nonpartisan? A.The United States Congress B.The Executive branch C.State legislatures D.The federal judiciary LO 7.3 Back to Learning Objectives

32. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Which of following is intended to be nonpartisan? A.The United States Congress B.The Executive branch C.State legislatures D.The federal judiciary LO 7.3 Back to Learning Objectives

33. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman After passage of the BCRA __________________. A.Political parties were weakened because of limits on funding B.There was a surge in individual contributions resulting in a strengthening of political parties C.There was no change in contributions D.There was a short weakening of contributions followed by a modest increase LO 7.4 Back to Learning Objectives

34. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman A.Political parties were weakened because of limits on funding B.There was a surge in individual contributions resulting in a strengthening of political parties C.There was no change in contributions D.There was a short weakening of contributions followed by a modest increase After passage of the BCRA __________________. LO 7.4 Back to Learning Objectives

35. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman The GOP reform emphasized _____________ organization and membership recruitment. A.Grassroots B.Strict C.Uniform D.Systematic LO 7.5 Back to Learning Objectives

36. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman A.Grassroots B.Strict C.Uniform D.Systematic The GOP reform emphasized _____________ organization and membership recruitment. LO 7.5 Back to Learning Objectives

37. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Text Credits 190: From “Obama More Popular Abroad Than at Home, Global Image of U.S. Continues to Benefit” July 2010, by Pew Global Attitudes Project. Copyright (c) 2010 by Pew Global Attitudes Project, a project of the Pew Research Center. Reprinted with permission. 191: From GUIDE TO U.S. ELECTIONS, 6e, Vol. 1. Copyright (c) 2010 by CQ Press. Reprinted with permission. 203: From VITAL STATISTICS ON AMERICAN POLITICS, 2009-2010 by Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi. Copyright © 2010 by Stanley and Niemi. Reprinted by permission of CQ Press.

38. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Photo Credits 184: Jim Young/Landov 187: Billy Suratt/Auma Press/Corbis 189: (top) Newscom 189: (bottom) Reiner Jensen/Corbis 193: Library of Congress 195: © 2008 Jupiter Images/Getty Images 196: Ed Reinkel/AP Photo 197: Sean Gardner/Reuters/Landov 199: Pablo Martinez Monsivais/AP Photo 201: Terry Gilliam/AP Photo 205: Scott Audette/Reuters/Landov