1. Chapter 3 Variables, Constants, and Calculations Programming in C#.NET © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. 3- 2 Objectives Distinguish between variables, constants, and controls Differentiate among the various data types Apply naming conventions incorporating standards and indicating scope and data type Declare variables and constants Select the appropriate scope for a variable Convert text input to numeric values

3. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 3 Objectives cont. Perform calculations using variables and constants Round decimal values using the decimal.Round method Format values for output using the ToString method Use try/catch blocks or error handling Display message boxes with error messages Accumulate sums and generate counts

4. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 4 Data – Variables and Constants C# allows you to set up locations in memory and give each location a name Variables – Memory locations that hold data that can be changed during project execution Constants – Memory locations that hold data that cannot be changed during project execution

5. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 5 Data – Variables and Constants cont. Variables and named constants are given a name, called an identifier Declaration statements are used to create variables and constants, give them names and specify their data type Examples: string strName;//Declare a string variable int intCounter;//Declare an integer variable const float fltDISCOUNT_RATE = 0.15f; //Declare a named constant

6. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 6 Data Types The data type indicates what type of information will be stored for a variable or constant Most common types used are string, int, and decimal If data will be used in a calculation, it must be numeric If data not used in a calculation, it will be a string Use decimal for any decimal fractions

7. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 7 C# Data Types bool byte char DateTime decimal float double short int long string object

8. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 8 Identifier Naming Rules Identifiers created in C# must follow these rules: –May consist of letters, digits, and underscores –Must begin with a letter or underscore –Cannot contain any spaces or periods –May not be reserved words Names in C# are case sensitive

9. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 9 Identifier Naming Conventions Identifiers created in C# should follow these guidelines: –Identifiers must be meaningful –Precede each identifier with a lowercase prefix that specifies the data type –Capitalize each word of the name (following the prefix); Always use mixed case for variables and uppercase for constants

10. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 10 Common Data Types and Prefixes PrefixData TypeDescription blnboolboolean datDateTimedate and time decdecimal dbldoubledouble-precision floating point int integer lnglonglong integer fltfloatsingle-precision floating point strstring

11. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 11 Constants – Named and Intrinsic Intrinsic constants – Constants built into the Visual Studio.NET environment Named constants – Constants you define for yourself in the program

12. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 12 Named Constants Declare named constants using keyword const Give each constant a name, a data type, and a value Value of a constant cannot be changed during execution of the project Named constants make code easier to read Later changes to the value of a constant are made in only one place in code

13. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 13 Named Constants cont. General form const Datatype Identifier = Value; Use all uppercase for name of constant with words separated by underscores Examples: const string strCOMPANY_ADDRESS = “101 S. Main Street”; const decimal decSALES_TAX_RATE =.08M;

14. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 14 Assigning Values to Constants Rules for assigning values to constants –Test (string) values must be in quotation marks –Numeric values are not in quotation marks –Numeric values contain only digits (0-9), a decimal point, and a sign (+ or -) at the left side –Numeric values cannot include a comma, dollar sign, any special characters, or a sign at the right side

15. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 15 Assigning Values to Constants cont. Type-declaration characters are used to declare data type of numeric constants Type-declaration characters –decimalM or m –doubleD or d –intI or i –longL or l –floatF or f

16. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 16 Assigning Values to Constants cont. Precede a quotation mark that is part of a string with a backslash (\) Example: “He said, \”I like it. \”” produces this string He said, “I like it.” Precede a backslash that is part of a string with another backslash Example: string strFilePath= “C:\\MyPersonalDocuments\MyLetter”; String values are referred to as string literals

17. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 17 Intrinsic Constants Intrinsic constants are system-defined constants Declared in system class libraries Must specify class name or group name to use an intrinsic constant In Color.Red, “ Red ” is the constant and “ Color ” is the class

18. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 18 Declaring Variables Declare a variable by specifying the data type followed by an identifier General Forms: Datatype Identifier; Datatype Identifier = LiteralOfCorrectType; Examples: string strCustomerName; string strCustomerName = “None”;

19. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 19 Declaring Variables cont. You can declare several variables in one statement Separate the variable names with commas and place a semicolon at end of statement Examples: string strName, strAddress, strPhone; int intCount = 0, intTotal = 0;

20. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 20 Initializing Numeric Variables Numeric variables must be assigned a value before they can be used Initialize a variable when you declare it int intQuantity = 0; Declare variable and assign value later int intQuantity; intQuantity = int.Parse(quantityTextBox.Text); Declare and initialize with expression int intQuantity = int.Parse(quantityTextBox.Text);

21. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 21 Scope and Lifetime of Variables Scope is the visibility of a variable Scope levels –Namespace –Class –Local –Block Scope is determined by where the variable is declared

22. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 22 Scope and Lifetime of Variables cont. Lifetime of a variable is the period of time that the variable exists Lifetime of a local or block-level variable is one execution of a method Lifetime of a class-level variable is the entire time the class is loaded

23. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 23 Local Declarations Any variable declared inside a method is local in scope A declaration can appear anywhere in the method but top of the method is preferable Constants can also be local, block, class or namespace level Constants are typically declared at the class level

24. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 24 Class-Level Declarations Variables or constants declared as class-level are used anywhere in the form’s class Place class-level declarations at top of the class, outside of any methods Class-level variables initialize automatically when the class is instantiated Numeric variables initialize to zero, string variables to null, and boolean variables to false

25. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 25 Locations for Coding Variables and Constants namespace MyProjectNamespace { public class frmMainForm : … { declare ModuleLevelVariables const NamedConstants private void calculateButton_Click (…) { declare LocalVariables … { declare BlockLevelVariables }

26. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 26 Coding Class, Block, and Namespace-Level Declarations Class-level variables must be inside a class but not inside a method Block-level variables and constants have a scope of a block of code Namespace-level variables and constants are used when a project has multiple forms and/or other classes

27. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 27 Calculations In programming, calculations can be performed with variables, constants, and with the properties of certain objects Some character strings must be converted to a different data type before they can be used in calculations

28. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 28 Converting Strings to a Numeric Data Type Use the Parse method to convert the Text property of a control to its numeric form Each data type has its own Parse method Example: intQuantity = int.Parse(quantityTextBox.Text); Casting is the conversion of one data type to another Parsing means to pick apart a value, character by character, and convert it to another format

29. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 29 Arithmetic Operations C# arithmetic operations –Addition –Subtraction –Multiplication –Division –Modulus Modulus returns the remainder of a division operation Use the pow method to perform exponentiation

30. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 30 Arithmetic Operators OperatorOperation +Addition -Subtraction *Multiplication /Division %Modulus – Remainder of division

31. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 31 Order of Operations The order in which operations are performed determines the result Order of precedence 1.Any operation inside parentheses 2.Multiplication and division 3.Modulus 4.Addition and subtraction

32. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 32 Order of Operations cont. Use parenthesis to change the order of evaluation Parenthesis can be nested inside one another Extra parenthesis can be used for clarity Multiple operations at same level are performed from left to right Example: 8 / 4 * 2 = 4

33. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 33 Order of Operations cont. Order of evaluation of expressions 1.All operations within parentheses. Multiple operations within the parentheses performed according to rules of precedence. 2.All multiplication and division. Multiple operations are performed from left to right. 3.Modulus operations. Multiple operations are performed from left to right. 4.All addition and subtraction are performed left to right. There are no implied operations in C#

34. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 34 Using Calculations in Code You can perform calculations in assignment statements These assignment operators perform a calculation and assign the result in one operation += -= *= /= %= Example: decTotalSales += decSales; is the same as decTotalSales = decTotalSales + decSales;

35. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 35 Increment and Decrement Operators Increment operator (++) adds 1 to a variable Example: intCount++; Decrement operator (--) subtracts 1 from the variable Example: intCountDown--; A prefix operator is placed before the variable A postfix operator is placed after the variable

36. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 36 Converting between Numeric Data Types Conversion from a narrower data type to a wider data type is implicit conversion Example: double dblBigNumber = intNumber; FromTo byteshort, int, long, float, double, or decimal shortint, long, float, double, or decimal intlong, float, double, or decimal longfloat, double, or decimal floatdouble

37. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 37 Converting between Numeric Data Types cont. Explicit conversion also known as casting Exception is generated if significant digits are lost when a cast is performed To cast, specify destination data type in parenthesis before value to convert Examples: decNumber = (decimal) fltNumber; intValue = (int) dblValue;

38. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 38 Calculations with Unlike Data Types C# performs calculation with the wider data type if data types are unlike Example: intCount / 2 * decAmount 1.intCount / 2 is integer division producing an integer result 2.Multiplication performed with the integer result and decimal value (decAmount) producing a decimal result

39. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 39 Rounding Numbers Use the decimal.Round method to round decimal values to the desired number of decimal positions General form Decimal.Round(DecimalValue, IntegerNumberOfDecimalPositions) Example: decResult = decimal.Round(decAmount, 2); decimal.Round uses “rounding toward even”

40. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 40 Formatting Data for Display Numeric data displayed in Text property must be converted to a string Can format data for display Use ToString method and formatting codes Use ToString with empty argument list to return an unformatted string Example: displayLabel.Text = intNumber.ToString();

41. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 41 Using Format Specifier Codes Use format specifier codes with ToString to format output display “C” code specifies currency Example: extendedPriceLabel.Text = (intQuantity * decPrice).ToString(“C”); “N” code specifies number Example: discountLabel.Text = decDiscount.ToString(“N”); Specify number of decimal positions with a digit following the code

42. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 42 Using Format Specifier Codes cont. Formatted value returned by ToString method is not purely numeric and cannot be used in calculations Format DateTime values using format codes and the ToString method Date codes are case sensitive unlike numeric format codes

43. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 43 Format Specifier Codes Format Specifier Code NameDescription C or cCurrency Formats with dollar sign, commas, and 2 decimal places. Negative values are in parentheses. F or fFixed-point Formats as string of numeric digits, no commas, 2 decimal places, and minus sign at left if negative. N or nNumber Formats with commas, 2 decimal places, and a minus sign at the left for negative values. D or dDigits Use only for integer data types. Minus sign at left for negative values. Forces number of digits to display. P or pPercent Multiples value by 100, adds space and percent sign, rounds to 2 decimals; minus sign at left if negative.

44. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 44 A Calculation Programming Example R ‘n R – For Reading ‘n Refreshment – needs to calculate prices and discounts for books sold. The company is currently having a big sale, offering a 15 percent discount on all books. In this project, you will calculate the amount due for a quantity of books, determine the 15 percent discount, and deduct the discount, giving the new amount due – the discounted amount.

45. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 45 Handling Exceptions Processing with invalid input or failed methods can cause an exception to occur (also called throwing an exception) “Catching” exceptions before they cause a run time error is called error trapping Coding to take care of problems is called error handling

46. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 46 try / catch Blocks Enclose statement(s) that might cause an error in a try / catch block If an exception occurs in try block, program control transfers to the catch block Code in a finally statement is executed last Specify type of exception to catch and program several catch statements

47. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 47 The try Block – General Form try { // statements that may cause error { catch [(ExceptionType VariableName)] { // statements for action when exception occurs } [finally {// statements that always execute before exit of try block } }]

48. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 48 The Exception Class Each exception is an instance of the Exception class Properties of the Exception class –Message property – Contains a text message about the error –Source property – Contains the name of the object causing the error –StackTrace property – Identifies the location in the code where the error occurred

49. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 49 Handling Multiple Exceptions Include multiple catch blocks (handlers) to trap for more than one exception Catch statements are checked in sequence The last catch can be coded to handle any exceptions not previously caught A compiler warning is generated if a variable is declared but not used in a catch block

50. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 50 Displaying Messages in Message Boxes Use Show method of the MessageBox object Show method arguments must match one of the following formats MessageBox.Show(TextMessage); MessageBox.Show(TextMessage, TitlebarText); MessageBox.Show(TextMessage, TitlebarText, MessageBoxButtons); MessageBox.Show(TextMessage, TitlebarText, MessageBoxButtons, MessageBoxIcon);

51. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 51 Displaying Messages in Message Boxes cont. TextMessage –Message to appear in the message box –May be a string literal in quotes or a string variable TitleBarText –Appears on the title bar of the MessageBox window MessageBoxButtons –Specifies the buttons to display –Choices are OK, OKCancel, RetryCancel, YesNo, YesNoCancel, and AbortRetryIgnore

52. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 52 Displaying Messages in Message Boxes cont. MessageBoxIcon –Determines the icon to display –Constants for MessageBoxIcon Asterisk Error Exclamation Hand Information None Question Stop Warning

53. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 53 MessageBox Statement Examples MessageBox.Show(“Enter numeric data.”); MessageBox.Show(“Try again.”, “Data Entry Error”); MessageBox.Show(“This is a message.”, “This is a title bar”, MessageBoxButtons.OK); try { intQuantity = int.Parse(quantityTextBox.Text); quantityLabel.Text = intQuantity.ToString(); } catch { MesageBox.Show(“Nonnumeric Data.”, “Error”, MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Exclamation); }

54. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 54 Using Overloaded Methods Overloading allows a method to act differently for different arguments Each argument list is called a signature Visual Studio.NET editor IntelliSense popup helps you enter the arguments correctly

55. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 55 Testing Multiple Fields A nested try/catch block is one try/catch block completely contained inside another Nest the try/catch blocks as deeply as needed Place calculations within the most deeply nested try

56. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 56 Counting and Accumulating Sums Summing numbers –Declare variable as class level to hold the total –Example: decPriceSum += decPrice; Counting –Declare variable as class level integer to hold count –Example: intSaleCount ++; Calculating an average –Divide the sum of numbers by the count –Example: decAverageSale = decPriceSum / intSaleCount ;

57. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 57 Your Hands-On Programming Example In this project, R ‘n R – For Reading ‘n Refreshment needs to expand its book sale project done previously in this chapter. In addition to calculating individual sales and discounts, management wants to know the total number of books sold, the total number of discounts given, the total discounted amount, and the average discount per sale.

58. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 58 Your Hands-On Programming Example cont. Help the user by adding ToolTips wherever you think them useful. Add error handling to the program so that missing or nonnumeric data will not cause a run-time error.

59. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 59 Summary Variables are temporary memory locations that have a name, data type, and scope. Constants also have a name, data type, scope, and value assigned that cannot change. Data type determines the type of values that can be assigned to a variable or constant. Identifiers for variables and constants must follow C# naming rules and should following conventions. Intrinsic constants are predefined and built into the.NET Framework. Named constants are programmer-defined.

60. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 60 Summary cont. Variables are declared by indicating the data type and identifier. Location of declaration determines the scope. The scope of a variable may be namespace level, class level, local or block level. The lifetime of a local and block-level variables is one execution of the methods where they were declared. The lifetime of a class-level variable is the length of time the class is loaded.

61. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 61 Summary cont. Identifiers should include a prefix defining the data type of the variable or constant. Use the Parse methods to convert text values to numeric before performing calculations. Calculations are performed using numeric variables, constants, and properties of controls. Result is assigned to a numeric variable or the property of a control. Calculations with more than one operator follow the order of precedence. Parentheses may alter the order of operations.

62. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 62 Summary cont. The decimal.Round method rounds a decimal value to the specified number of decimal positions. The ToString method is used to specify the appearance of values for display. try/catch/finally statements used to check for user errors An error is called an exception. Catching and taking care of exceptions is error trapping and error handling.

63. © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3- 63 Summary cont. Trap for different types of errors by specifying the exception type on the catch statement. A message box is used to display information to the user. The Show method of the MessageBox class is overloaded. Calculate sums and counts by adding class-level variables for calculations.