2. Scientific Method The Steps to Problem- solving in Scientific Research

3. Definition Scientific Method The common steps that scientists use to gather information to solve problems.

4. 1.PROBLEM (QUESTION or OBSERVATION) A question must be asked or a situation must be observed to begin the “experiment.” A question must be asked or a situation must be observed to begin the “experiment.”

5. Possible Observations… * When “miracle-gro” is put on tomato plants, they grow into bigger plants produce better tomatoes * When “miracle-gro” is put on tomato plants, they grow into bigger plants produce better tomatoes

6. …Possible Questions? *Is it really the *Is it really the “miracle-gro”? “miracle-gro”?

7. 2. RESEARCH Gather information to develop hypothesis. Gather information to develop hypothesis. Inform yourself Inform yourself What is miracle gro?, How does it work? What is suppose to do? What is miracle gro?, How does it work? What is suppose to do?

8. 3. HYPOTHESIS o A testable explanation for a question or problem. ***NOT an “educated guess”***

9. Possible hypothesis When placed on tomato plants and all other conditions (water, light, temp., soil) are stabilized, the miracle-grow will help to produce better plants. When placed on tomato plants and all other conditions (water, light, temp., soil) are stabilized, the miracle-grow will help to produce better plants.

10. 4. EXPERIMENT…. (or collection of data) A procedure that tests a hypothesis by the process of collecting information under controlled conditions. A procedure that tests a hypothesis by the process of collecting information under controlled conditions.

11. A controlled experiment 2 parts 2 parts a. control group a. control group b. experimental group b. experimental group

12. a. Control group “The standard” -- in which all conditions are kept the same “The standard” -- in which all conditions are kept the same *Ex.- the plants without the “miracle-gro” *Ex.- the plants without the “miracle-gro”

13. b. Experimental group “The test group” -- in which all conditions are kept the same except for the single condition being tested. *Ex.- plants have “miracle-grow” added

14. Variables of controlled experiment 1. Independent variable – the condition of the experiment that is changed. (ex: the “miracle gro”) 2. Dependent variable – the condition that is observed/measured as result of the changed independent var. (the size of the tomatoes)

15. Hints for good experiments Always follow safety guidelines Always follow safety guidelines Make careful and detailed observations Make careful and detailed observations Take precise notes of observations Take precise notes of observations Take precise recordings of numerical data Take precise recordings of numerical data

16. …more hints Keep recordings/observations “honest” Keep recordings/observations “honest” Have an appropriate sample size Have an appropriate sample size Keep an open mind Keep an open mind Continually ask questions Continually ask questions THINK! THINK!

17. 5. ANALYSIS Numerical data and observations are analyzed. Numerical data and observations are analyzed. Interpret the data Interpret the data Graphs, charts, etc may be created during this step. Graphs, charts, etc may be created during this step.

18. 6.CONCLUSION (Results) Summarize the observations and data. Summarize the observations and data. Make sure to state weather your hypothesis was correct or incorrect. Make sure to state weather your hypothesis was correct or incorrect. If it was correct you may begin to: If it was correct you may begin to: Share findings with colleagues and fellow scientists Share findings with colleagues and fellow scientists May publish the findings in scientific journals May publish the findings in scientific journals Other scientists will attempt to duplicate the experiment to “accept” the findings Other scientists will attempt to duplicate the experiment to “accept” the findings

19. 7. Application Apply the results to a real life situations Apply the results to a real life situations Some books/scientist really use this step some do NOT…if its just for you to know Some books/scientist really use this step some do NOT…if its just for you to know

20. 8. THEORIES & LAWS A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations.  Experiment has been proven time and time again

21. 8. cont. A law or principle are facts of nature. A law or principle are facts of nature. Ex. – an apple falls from a tree to the ground  the law of gravity Ex. – an apple falls from a tree to the ground  the law of gravity

22. Types of Data Quantitative Data- are expressed as numbers. Quantitative Data- are expressed as numbers. Qualitative data: are descriptive and involve characteristics that usually cannot be counted. Qualitative data: are descriptive and involve characteristics that usually cannot be counted.

23. Measurement Systems A measurement must include a number and a unit A measurement must include a number and a unit Science uses the metric system for all measurements – International system of units or SI units – this is used worldwide Science uses the metric system for all measurements – International system of units or SI units – this is used worldwide In SI units, each type of measurement has a base unit In SI units, each type of measurement has a base unit A standard, an exact quantity, is used for comparisons A standard, an exact quantity, is used for comparisons

24. SI Base Unit Quality MeasuredUnitSymbol Quality MeasuredUnitSymbol Lengthmeterm Lengthmeterm MassKilogramskg MassKilogramskg TimeSecondss TimeSecondss Electric CurrentampereA Electric CurrentampereA TemperaturekelvinK TemperaturekelvinK Amount of Substance molemol Amount of Substance molemol

25. To use the metric system you must know the prefixes The SI system is use because it is based on multiples of 10. The SI system is use because it is based on multiples of 10. The prefix helps to determine what multiple of 10 to use The prefix helps to determine what multiple of 10 to use Kilo means 1000 so 1 Kilogram = 1000 grams Kilo means 1000 so 1 Kilogram = 1000 grams Deci means.1 (1/10) so 1 Decimeter= 1/10 of a meter or.1 Deci means.1 (1/10) so 1 Decimeter= 1/10 of a meter or.1

26. To use the metric system you must know the prefixes Base (meter,liter,gram) Base (meter,liter,gram) Kilok1,000 Kilok1,000 Hectoh100 Hectoh100 Dekada10 Dekada10 Decid.1 Decid.1 Centic.01 Centic.01 Milim.001 Milim.001

27. To use the metric system you must know the prefixes Always remember this stair step method Always remember this stair step method

28. How to convert units…. A rope that measure 3,075 mm. How long is it in centimeters? A rope that measure 3,075 mm. How long is it in centimeters? You Know: 1m = 10 dm = 100 cm= 1000mm You Know: 1m = 10 dm = 100 cm= 1000mm Questions: 3075mm = ? cm Questions: 3075mm = ? cm

29. How to convert units….this is easier To convert from a larger number to a smaller number, move the decimal to the right To convert from a larger number to a smaller number, move the decimal to the right Ex. 5.32 m to cm Ex. 5.32 m to cm Answer 532 cm Answer 532 cm To convert from a smaller number to a larger number, move the decimal to the left To convert from a smaller number to a larger number, move the decimal to the left Ex. 7.5 cm to km Ex. 7.5 cm to km Answer:.000075 km Answer:.000075 km

30. Length Length is the distance between two points Length is the distance between two points SI unit is meter (m) SI unit is meter (m) Size of unit that is used will depend on what is being measured Size of unit that is used will depend on what is being measured It is easier to measure distance in kilometers than in meters. It is easier to measure distance in kilometers than in meters.

31. Mass Measurement of matter in an object Measurement of matter in an object SI unit is a kilogram (kg) SI unit is a kilogram (kg) A gram is such a small unit that it is only used to measure small masses A gram is such a small unit that it is only used to measure small masses Measured on a balance Measured on a balance

32. Time Time is the interval between two events Time is the interval between two events SI unit is the second (s) SI unit is the second (s)

33. Temperature For scientific work Temp. is measured in Celsius ( o C) For scientific work Temp. is measured in Celsius ( o C) Freezing point is 0 o C and boiling is 100 o C Freezing point is 0 o C and boiling is 100 o C SI unit is Kelvin (K) SI unit is Kelvin (K) Zero Kelvin is coldest possible point..That is equal to - 273 ) Zero Kelvin is coldest possible point..That is equal to - 273 o C)

34. Temperature Conversions

35. Volume Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object Solid object – measure length, width, & height – multiply all three together and units will be cubed (ex: cm 3 ) Solid object – measure length, width, & height – multiply all three together and units will be cubed (ex: cm 3 ) Liquid – use ml Liquid – use ml The conversion is 1mL = 1cm 3 The conversion is 1mL = 1cm 3

36. Density Density is mass per unit of volume Density is mass per unit of volume D = m/v D = m/v Use a derived unit – a unit obtained by combining SI units Use a derived unit – a unit obtained by combining SI units Example: mass is 10g and volume is 2cm 3 Example: mass is 10g and volume is 2cm 3 Answer: 5 g/cm 3 Answer: 5 g/cm 3

37. SI Units REMEMBER…any time you are measuring ALWAYS try to get at least one decimal place PASSED the unit used on device! REMEMBER…any time you are measuring ALWAYS try to get at least one decimal place PASSED the unit used on device! Ex: 3.5 m or cm…not just 3 or not 3 ½ m…or it could even be 3.52 Ex: 3.5 m or cm…not just 3 or not 3 ½ m…or it could even be 3.52 ALWAYS-give units…every time! ALWAYS-give units…every time! Lets practice…with a partner look at a ruler, meter stick, graduated cylinder, and a thermometer. How would you record the measurement? Lets practice…with a partner look at a ruler, meter stick, graduated cylinder, and a thermometer. How would you record the measurement?

38. How to Construct a Graph! 1 Identify the variables 1 Identify the variables Independent Variable - (controlled by the experimenter) Independent Variable - (controlled by the experimenter) Goes on the X axis (horizontal). Time is almost ALWAYS the independent variable. Time doesn't depend on anything in most experiments. But many things depend on it. This would be on the bottom section of a standard graph. Goes on the X axis (horizontal). Time is almost ALWAYS the independent variable. Time doesn't depend on anything in most experiments. But many things depend on it. This would be on the bottom section of a standard graph. Dependent Variable - (changes with the independent variable) Dependent Variable - (changes with the independent variable) Goes on the Y axis (vertical) These are usually on the right side of the graph. Goes on the Y axis (vertical) These are usually on the right side of the graph.

39. How to Construct a Graph! 2. Determine the variable range. 2. Determine the variable range. Subtract the lowest data value from the highest data value. Subtract the lowest data value from the highest data value. Do each variable separately. Do each variable separately. 3. Determine the scale of the graph. 3. Determine the scale of the graph. Determine a scale (the numerical value for each square) that best fits the range of each variable. Determine a scale (the numerical value for each square) that best fits the range of each variable. Spread the graph to use MOST of the available space. Spread the graph to use MOST of the available space. 4. Number and label each axis. 4. Number and label each axis. This tells what data the lines on your graph represent. This tells what data the lines on your graph represent. 5. Plot the data points. 5. Plot the data points. Plot each data value on the graph with a dot. Plot each data value on the graph with a dot.

40. How to Construct a Graph! 6. Draw the graph. 6. Draw the graph. Draw a curve or a line that best fits the data points Draw a curve or a line that best fits the data points Most graphs of experimental data are not drawn as "connect- the-dots". Most graphs of experimental data are not drawn as "connect- the-dots". However, occasionally we will do some that are connect the dots..but we hope to see these represent a CURVE! However, occasionally we will do some that are connect the dots..but we hope to see these represent a CURVE! 7. Title the graph. 7. Title the graph. Your title should clearly tell what the graph is about. This does NOT need to be a full sentence long! Your title should clearly tell what the graph is about. This does NOT need to be a full sentence long! If your graph has more than one set of data, provide a "key" to identify the different lines. If your graph has more than one set of data, provide a "key" to identify the different lines.

41. Inference An inference is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience. An inference is a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience. Ex: When testing a large body of water, you take samples to test and them infer your results to the entire body of water! Ex: When testing a large body of water, you take samples to test and them infer your results to the entire body of water!

42. Inference…Line of Best Fit The 'line of best fit' goes roughly through the middle of all the scatter points on a graph. The closer the points are to the line of best fit the stronger the correlation is

43. Circle (Pie) Graph A circle graph shows percentages of a whole A circle graph shows percentages of a whole

44. Line Graph A line graph shows trends of how data changes over time A line graph shows trends of how data changes over time

45. Bar Graph A bar graph is used to compare information collected by counting A bar graph is used to compare information collected by counting

46. Lab Reports Any time you perform an “official” experiment you will be required to write a lab report! Any time you perform an “official” experiment you will be required to write a lab report! The style of this report may vary from teacher to teacher… but the basics will remain the same. You must accurately follow the steps of the scientific method, be able to explain all parts of your experiment, show numerical data, and state all findings. The style of this report may vary from teacher to teacher… but the basics will remain the same. You must accurately follow the steps of the scientific method, be able to explain all parts of your experiment, show numerical data, and state all findings. This must be done using complete sentences, accurate grammar, and done neatly. This must be done using complete sentences, accurate grammar, and done neatly.

47. Six Steps to Wonderful Graphs Six Steps to Wonderful Graphs Six Steps to Wonderful Graphs Six Steps to Wonderful Graphs