1. Measurement & Conversions
Get ready for some math!!!!

2. Scientific Notation Used for very large or very small numbers
All numbers are represented by a number between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10
The number of places the decimal point has moved determines the power of 10.
If the power is positive, the decimal point will move to the
If the power is negative, the decimal point will move to the left

3. Measurement
Measurements and calculations allow for some of the properties of substances to be determined (mass, density)
Scientific Notation is often used because measurements in chemistry can be very large or very small

4. Convert the following numbers to scientific notation
24500
356
0.222
12200

5. Convert the following scientific notation numbers to regular numbers
4.2 x 103
2.15 x 10-4
3.14 x 10-6
9.22 x 105
9.57 x 102

6. Significant Figures
All measured quantities are generally reported in a way that the last digit is UNCERTAIN.
All other digits are considered SIGNIFICANT.

7. Rules for Sig Figs Nonzero digits are always significant.
22.6 kg has 3 significant figures
453.9 m has 4 sig figs
Zeros between nonzero digits are significant.
20.3 kg has 3 sig figs
87009 L has 5 sig figs

8. Rules for Sig Figs cont’d
Zeros in front of nonzero digits are not significant (they simply are decimal place holders)
has 4 sig figs
has 1 sig fig
Zeros both at the end of a number and to the right of a decimal point are significant
85.00 kg has 4 sig figs
has 11 sig figs

9. Rules for Sig Figs cont’d
Zeros both at the end of a number but to the left of a decimal point may not be significant. If a zero has not been measured or estimated, it is NOT SIGNIFICANT. A decimal point placed after zeros indicates that the zeros are significant.
2000 m has one significant figure
2000. m has four sig figs

10. Rules for Calculations
Multiplication or Division –
Final answer has the smallest # of sig figs
DO NOT ROUND UNTIL THE VERY END.
Addition or Subtraction –
Result cannot have more decimals places than the unit with the smallest # of decimal places

11. Rules for Calculations
If a calculation has both multiplication (or division) and addition/subtraction, round after each operation.
EXACT VALUES HAVE UNLIMITED SIG FIGS
2 MOLECULES ARE 2 MOLECULES. = COUNT VALUE

12. SI Units Measurement Symbol Unit Abbreviation Length l meter m Mass M
kilogram kg
Time t
second s
Therm. Temp T
kelvin K
Amount of substance n
mole
mol

13. Prefixes Prefix Symbol Meaning Mega M 106 Kilo K 103 Deci D 10-1 Centi
10-2
Milli
10-3
Micro m
10-6

14. Conversion in Metrics
K H D M D C M

15. Find the number of m in 2.35 km.

16. Find the number of km in 756 m

17. Conversion Factors
A ratio that is derived from the equality of two different units that can be used to convert from one unit to the other
5 dozen eggs = how many individual eggs?
CONVERSION FACTOR
1 dozen = 12 individual
5 dozen x 12 individual = 60 individual eggs
1 dozen

18. How many g is 8503 mg?

19. How many mm is km?

20. Derived Units Units derived from the seven base units
Volume= l x w x h (m3)
Volume
The most common used unit for volume is cm3.
1cm3 = 1ml
1000cm3 = 1dm3 = 1000ml = 1L.
density
Density is the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume
Density = mass
volume

21. Precision vs. Accuracy
Accuracy- the accuracy of a measurement is how close the measurement is to the true or actual value
Precision – is how closely several measurements made agree with one another.

23. Percent Error Analysis
% Error = Measured value – Accepted Value
Accepted value