2. NUTRIENTS MACRONUTRIENTS MICRONUTRIENTS METABOLISM ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

3.  NUTRIENTS IN = NUTRIENTS USED  HOMEOSTASIS  TOO FEW= MALNUTRITION  TOO MANY = OBESITY  INFLUENCED BY  SMELL, TASTE, TEXTURE  NEURAL CONTROL: GASTRIC STRETCH RECEPTORS, STRESS, HORMONES BY AFFECTING ARCUATE NUCLEUS IN HYPOTHALAMUS  INSULIN  EATING: ADIPOCYTES RELEASE LEPTIN: INHIBITS RELEASE OF NEUROPEPTIDE Y (WHICH STIMULATES EATING)  LOW LEPTIN = INCREASES APETITIE  GHRELIN: GASTRIC HORMONE: STIMULATES NEUROPEPTIDE Y

4.  ?  MOST OF THESE FOODS HAVE MANY MINERALS AND VITAMINS  CELLULOSE: FIBER  MONO: FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE, GLUCOSE +  EXCESS = ?  GLUCONEOGENESIS ?  TO MAKE RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE =?  + LACTOSE DURING LACTATION

5.  PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE  SO MORE ACTIVE INDIVIDUALS =?  125 TO 175 GRAMS/DAY SO PROTEIN NOT CONSUMED  AVERAGE: 200 TO 300 GRAMS/ DAY

6.  = ?  USE: ENERGY, STRUCTURES  TRIGLYCERIDES =

7.  SATURATED  UNSATURATED  MONOUNSATURATED ARE THE HEALTHIEST  SATURATED: HEART DISEASE  CHOLESTEROL

8.  FATS: ENERGY: 9 KCAL/GRAM  TRIGLYCERIDES: HYDROLYSIS  FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL BETA OXIDATION  ACETYL COENZYME A  OR FATTY ACID OXIDASES  ACETYL COENZYME A  ACETYL COENZYME A IN?  GLYCEROL  GLUCOSE  ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS  CAN FORM LIPOPROTEINS  CHOLESTEROL: STRUCTURES AND HORMONES

9.  AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION: 30% OR LESS  TO SUPPLY FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

10.  MONOMERS: ?  ENERGY: DEAMINATION: LIVER REMOVES NITROGEN GROUP WHICH FORMS AMMONIA AND THEN UREA ? TO ?  DEAMINATED AA  ACETYL COENZYME A OR OTHER SPOTS IN KREBS CYCLE  FORM GLUCOSE OR FAT; USUALLY NOT USED FOR ENERGY BUT FOR STRUCTURE BUILDING

11.  LIVER EXCEPT FOR 8 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS  20 AMINO ACIDS  NOT STORED SO IF NOT USED  USED FOR ENRGY OR FORM GLUCOSE OR FAT  COMPLETE PROTIENS: LIFE AND GROWTH; MILK, MEAT, EGGS  PARTIALLY COMPLETE: LIFE NOT GROWTH  INCOMPLETE PROTEINS

12.  PROTEIN BUILT AND BROKEN DOWN IN CELLS; GAIN = LOSS: DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM  NITROGEN IN = NITROGEN OUT  NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE = ?  POSITIVE NITROGEN BALANCE = ?

13.  ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS  NITROGEN FOR AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS  SYNTHESIS OF NONPROTEIN NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS  INTAKE;.8 GRAM/KILOGRAM BODY WEIGHT  60-150 GRAMS/DAY AVERAGE  PREGNANT AND NURSING = MORE

14.  TISSUE WASTING  LOWER PLASMA PROTEIN = LOWER COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE = ?  FLUID STAYS IN TISSUE = NUTRITIONAL EDEMA

15.  IF NOT ENOUGH CALORIES: START DIGESTING STRUCTURAL MOLECULES  TOO MUCH = OBESITY

16.  ENERGY VALUE OF FOOD IN CALORIES  *AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO RAISE TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF WATER 1 DEGREE CELSIUS  FOOD = LARGE CALORIE/KILOCALORIE = 1000X MORE  AMOUNT OF HEAT TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 KILOGRAM OF WATER 1 DEGREE CELSIUS = 4.184 JOULES  HOW IS FOOD TESTED FOR ENERGY?  SAME AS IN US ?

17.  CARBOHYDRATES: 4.1 C/G  PROTEINS: 4.1 C/G  FATS: 9.5 C/G

18.  SAME FOR ALL?  WHY?  FOR BMR, MUSCLE ACTIVITY, BODY TEMPERATURE, GROWTH,  BMR: AWAKE AT REST; WHAT IS NEEDED TO KEEP ORGANS GOING  AMOUNT OF ENERGY CONSUMED = ?  1C PER HOUR PER KILOGRAM BODY WEIGHT  BODY SIZE, GENDER, BODY TEMPERATURE, ENDOCRINE GLAND ACTIVITY

19.  BMR = SAME ALL DAY ?  WHY ?  BMR USES MOST OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE  NEXT IS VOLUNTARY MUSCLE USE  MAY NEED MORE FOR BODY TEMPERATURE  ALSO NEED MORE FOR GROWTH

20.  USUALLY HOMEOSTATIC  POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE  NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE  500C /DAY = 3500 C /WEEK =1 POUND /WEEK

21.  BMI: WEIGHT AND HEIGHT

22.  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS REQUIRED IN SMALL AMOUNTS FOR METABOLISM, WHICH BODY CAN NOT MANUFACTURE ENOUGH OF  PROVITAMINS : PRECURSOR TO VITAMINS  CLASSIFIED BY SOLUBILITY ?  FAT SOLUBLE; A,D,E,K  WATER SOLUBLE: REST, B, C  ARE THEY STORED IN BODY? RESULTS?  WHO NEEDS SUPPLEMENTS?

23.  DISSOLVE IN FATS: LIPID SOLUBLE: STORED  CAN BE TOXIC  STABLE TO HEAT SO COOKING?  A: RHODOSPIN: ?; ONLY FROM FOODS FROM ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANT: BREAK DOWN FREE RADICALS THAT CAN DESTORY TISSUES  D: STEROIDS, ACTIVATED FORM HELPS ABSORB CALCIUM; HARD TO GET NATURALLY, SUN HELPS (SUNSCREEN)

24.  E: ANTIOXIDANT;  K: SOME PRODUCED BY BACTERIA E. COLI;  FORMATION OF SOME CLOTTING PROTEIN 

25.  SOME DESTROYED BY COOKING  C AND B VITAMINS  B: FAD + NAD FORMATION; AI9DS ACETYL COENZYME A; AIDS FORMATION OF PROTIENS; HELP AMINO ACID METABOLISM; COLLAGEN PRODUCTION;

26.  INORGANIC  PLANTS PICK MINERALS  HUMANS FROM FOOD CHAIN  4% OF BODY WEIGHT  MOSTLY FOUND IN? (75% OF WEIGHT OF MINERALS IN BONE AND TEETH)  IN ORGANIC MOLECULES  SOME INORGANIC (CALCIUM PHOSPHATE)  SOME FREE IONS (CHLORIDE IONS)

27.  STRUCTURAL, IN ENZYMES, OSMOTIC PRESSURE, NERVE IMPULSE CONDUCTION, MUSCLE CONTRACTION, COAGULATION, pH MAINTAINANCE  HOMEOSTASIS  INTAKE = EXCRETION  PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FORM IS ION ?  CONTROLLED BY HOMEOSTASIS  MINERAL TOXICITY: FOOD, POLLUTION, DISEASE, TRAUMA 

28.  75%: CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS  CALCIUM FOR ?  NOT A LOT OF SOURCES  DEFICIENCY IS MORE COMMON THAN TOXICITY  PHOSPHRUS FOR ?  USUALLY HAVE ENOUGH UNLESS THERE IS A DISEASE  POTASSIUM, SULFUR, SODIUM, CHLORINE, MAGNESIUM

29.  MICROMINERALS: ESSENTIAL  LESS THAN.005%  MANGANESE, IRON, COPPER, IODINE, COBALT, ZINC, FLOURINE, SELENIUM, CHROMIUM  IRON: LIVER IS ONLY RICH SOURCE BUT OTHER SOURCES  IODINE: MAIN SOURCE?

30.  ADEQUATE DIET: SUPPORT OPTIMAL GROWTH AND REPAIR BODY TISSUE  RDA GUIDELINES: UPPER LIMIT; LOOKED AT EVERY 5 YEARS why?  RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE IS DIFFERENT FOR DIFFERENT GROUPS  FOOD PYRAMIDS: GEARED TO AGE, GENDER, FOOD PREFERANCE, HEALTH, GOALS  FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES OVER PROCESSED FOOD

31.  UNDERNUTRITION  OVERNUTRITION  PRIMARY MALNUTRITION: DIET  SECONDARY MALNUTRITION: CAUSES AN ADEQUATE DIET TO BE INADEQUATE

32.  50-70 DAYS  MARASMUS  LACK OF NUTRIENTS KWASHIORKOR PROTEIN STARVATION ANOREXIA NERVOSA SELF IMPOSED STARVATION BULIMIA BINGE AND PURGE

33.  DIETARY REQUIREMENTS STAY ABOUT THE SAME BUT OFTEN CAN’T GET NUTRIENTS  BMR CHANGES  RISES, DROPS, RISES, DECLINES @ 50 WEIGHT USUALLY RISES OFTEN AFFECTED BY MEDICATIONS AND POVERTY WITH AGE SOME DEFICIENCIES TAKE A LONG TIME TO SHOW UP