1. “Enlightened” What does it mean to be “enlightened”? What qualities does a person exhibit which would entitle them to the label of “enlightened”?

2. Enlightened Rule Based on the views of the philosophes who most advocated a monarchy, what qualities and reforms of gov’t would allow a ruler to be “enlightened”?

3. Enlightened Despotism What is a despot? – A person who rules with absolute power An Enlightened Despot was a ruler who aimed for the advancement of society by: – Fostering education – Aiding the economy – Promoting social justice – Promoting the good of their people

4. Enlightened Absolutism During the 17 th century, Russia and Prussia rose as powerful states Catherine the Great of Russia (r. 1762-1796) and Frederick the Great of Prussia (r. 1740- 1786) became examples of “enlightened despots” During the 18 th century, Austria under Maria Theresa and her son, Joseph II qualify as genuine Enlightened Despots

5. Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740- 1786) “the first servant of the state” belief of Frederick

6. Enlightened Actions Patronized Voltaire Abolished serfdom Religious Toleration – for every Christian, Muslim or Jew Improved agriculture Fostered industry Eliminated torture Improved education Promotion through merit – work and education rather than birth would decide ruled Prussia Unenlightened Actions Prussia was a militaristic state under absolutist regime Invasion Silesia in 1740 which was a part of Poland The Polish Partition of 1772—Prussia annexed parts of Poland through military expansion Kept the social system intact with Junkers (nobles) on top and peasants on bottom

7. Joseph II of Austria (1780-1790) Epitome of “Enlightened Despotism” -upheld Enlightenment principles the most

8. Enlightened Actions Made German the official language of HRE to promote unity Checked the power of the Roman Catholic Church Guaranteed freedom of the press and of religion Abolished serfdom introduced legal equality and taxation through law reform Elimination of capital punishment Gov’t sponsored schools required child attendance improved transportation and trade Unenlightened Actions Imposed censorship when needed during internal peasant rebellions aimed to extend the empire at the expense of Poland, Bavaria (part of Germany), and the Ottoman Empire

9. Catherine the Great of Russia (1762- 1796)

10. Enlightened Actions Read the philosophes Befriended Voltaire and Diderot Called for a legislative commission to study reform of Russia Allowed private printing presses established schools for girls abolished torture and capital punishment opened up trade and favored the expansion of the urban middle class Unenlightened Actions Dismissed the legislative commission before it reported on the problems of Russia Crushed the Pugachev Rebellion by Russian peasants unhappy with the social structure of Russia Retained absolutism Gained more land than any previous ruler, in Russian history, by defeating the Ottoman Empire and by partitioning of Poland

11. The Partition of Poland Due to internal instability due to lack of centralized government, the three great eastern powers (Russia, Austria, and Prussia) sought to eliminate it proved that without a strong bureaucracy, monarchy and army, a nation could not survive The Three Partitions of Poland (1772, 1793, 1795) removed Poland from the face of Europe and proved power politics prevail over enlightened ideals

12. Map 17–2 PARTITIONS OF POLAND, 1772, 1793, AND 1795. The callous eradication of Poland from the map displayed 18th-century power politics at its most extreme. Poland, without a strong central government, fell victim to the strong absolute monarchies of central and eastern Europe.

13. The End of Enlightened Rule in Central and Eastern Europe nations became more conservative and politically more repressive towards the end of 18 th century Many enlightened leaders viewed the ideals of the Enlightenment as a tool to exercise power fading monarchs – Frederick the Great of Prussia – grew remote with age and left the aristocracy to fill government posts – Joseph II of Austria – in response to criticism turns to censorship and the secret police – Catherine the Great of Russia – peasant uprisings lead to fears of social and political upheaval

14. Most rulers chose the path of power and compromised on ideals Rulers provided a groundwork for future revolutions