1. Politics and Political Institutions
Chapter 19
Politics and Political Institutions

2. Chapter Outline The Nature of Politics and Political Institutions
The Nation-State in Crisis
Political Institutions: A Global View
Perspectives on Political Institutions
Military Institutions

3. Politics, Power, and Authority
Harold Lasswell defined politics as the process of determining who gets what, when, and how.
Power is the ability to control the behavior of others, even against their will.
Authority is institutionalized power—power whose exercise is governed by the norms and statuses of organizations.

4. Political and Military Institutions of the United States

5. Weber’s Types of Authority
Example
Traditional
Tribal chiefs; absolute monarchs
Charismatic authority
Joan of Arc; Mahatma Gandhi
Legal authority
Presidents; prime ministers

6. Citizenship
These new citizens at a swearing-in ceremony have had to demonstrate knowledge of basic English and awareness of the rights and responsibilities of U.S. citizens.
Rights of citizenship include:
Civil rights
Political rights
Social rights

7. Political Parties
Political parties - organizations of people who join together to gain legitimate control of state authority.
Parties that seek legitimate power and accept the rule of other legitimate parties form a loyal opposition.
Revolutionary political parties do not view the state as legitimate and do not seek authority through legitimate procedures.

8. Democratic Political Systems
Must meet the following conditions:
The political culture legitimizes the democratic system and its institutions.
One set of political leaders holds office.
One or more sets of leaders do not hold office but act as a legitimate opposition.

9. Small Parties in Representative Systems
Is the tea party a political party or a political movement, or both? Although popular political figures seek its support, the tea party has remained a rather loosely organized conservative social movement rather than a registered political party with an official leadership, but this could change as the next presidential elections near.

10. A Typology of Regimes Liberal democracies. Emergent democracies.
Examples: United States, Canada, Great Britain, France, Brazil, and Japan
Emergent democracies.
Examples: Chile, Ivory Coast, Mali, Haiti, Morocco, Tunisia, and the Philippines.
Communist regimes.
Examples: China, North Korea, and Cuba are examples of existing communist regimes.

11. A Typology of Regimes Nationalistic socialist regimes.
Examples: Iraq, Libya, Tanzania, and Syria.
Authoritarian nationalist regimes.
Examples: Nazi Germany or contemporary Zimbabwe.
Military regimes
Examples: Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Myanmar

12. A Typology of Regimes Islamic nationalist regimes. Absolutist regimes.
Examples: Afghanistan under the Taliban and Iran.
Absolutist regimes.
Examples: Sultanates, emirates, and traditional monarchies such as Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Swaziland.

13. Key Political, Economic, Military, and Social Indicators of Instability
Demographic pressures–overpopulation, rapid urban growth, resource depletion
Refugees and displaced persons
Group grievance—the presence of minorities with serious grievances
Human flight
Uneven development—particularly the growth of a very rich elite and a large mass of extremely poor citizens

14. Key Political, Economic, Military, and Social Indicators of Instability
Economic decline
Delegitimization of state—the sense that pervasive corruption and graft make national leaders unworthy of their positions
Decline of public services
Lack of protection of human rights

15. Key Political, Economic, Military, and Social Indicators of Instability
Security apparatus–military and police institutions that are not professional, are graft- ridden and liable to engage in power struggles
Factionalized elites
External intervention–threats from outside the nation, from neighboring states or ethnic groups

16. Top Ten Nations Ranked on the Failed States Index

17. Average Media Consumption, (Persons 18 and over)

18. Average Media Consumption (Persons 18 and over)

19. Military socialization
Suppression of previous statuses.
Through haircuts, uniforms, and the like, the recruit is deprived of previous social status.
Learning of new norms and rules.
At the official level, the recruit is taught obedience to the rules of the military; through informal socialization, he or she is taught the culture of the institution.

20. Military socialization
Development of solidarity.
Informal socialization and harsh discipline build solidarity and lasting friendships among recruits; they learn to depend on one another.
Bureaucratic spirit.
The recruit is taught unquestioning acceptance of tradition and custom; orders are taken and given from morning to night.

21. Quick Quiz

22. 1. Power and authority are totally unrelated to each other.
have different meanings. Authority is a particular form of power.
are closely related, but not the same. Power is force, while authority is obedience.
tend only to be found in government institutions; i.e., they are only embodied in the state.

23. Answer: b
Power and authority have different meanings. Authority is a particular form of power.

24. 2. That most likely to produce social change is ________ authority, while ________ authority is the most likely to resist change.
legal / traditional
charismatic / legal
traditional / charismatic
charismatic / traditional

25. Answer: d
That most likely to produce social change is charismatic authority, while traditional authority is the most likely to resist change.

26. 3. Which is not a component of the military socialization process?
the bureaucratic spirit
development of solidarity
learning new norms and rules
maintenance of previous statuses

27. Answer: d
Maintenance of previous statuses is not a component of the military socialization process.