2.  World’s population: around 6.5 billion people  Statistics used to learn about population growth: › Birthrate : number of births per year for every 1,000 people › Death rate: number of deaths per year for every 1,000 people › Natural increase: the growth rate of population figured out by the difference between an area’s birthrate and death rate › Migration: the movement of people from place to place  The number of people living on a square mile or square kilometer of land is known as population density.

6. Essex Worcester Middlesex Franklin Berkshire Hampshire Hampden Norfolk Plymouth Bristol Barnstable Dukes Nantucket Suffolk

7.  The way of life in a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs  Language, religion, history, art, dress, and type of government are parts of culture  Ethnicity vs. Race › Ethnicity is based on people who share a common language, history, place of origin or a combination of these elements (shared culture) › Race is a classification system determined by the color of your skin (shared biology)  Cultures change through the process of spreading new knowledge from one culture to another, known as cultural diffusion.

8.  Unitary System: gives all key powers to the national or central government, which then creates state or local governments › Example: The UK and France  Federal System: divides the powers of government between the national government and state/provincial governments › Example: The USA

9.  Autocracy: any system of government where the power and authority to rule belongs to a single individual › Example: dictatorships in Nazi Germany with Hitler; Mussolini in Italy, Stalin in the USSR  Monarchy: a form of autocratic government with a king or queen who exercises the supreme powers of government usually through inheritance › Absolute monarchs have complete and unlimited power to rule (example: Saudi Arabia) › Constitutional monarchies share government powers with elected legislatures and/or serve as ceremonial leaders

10.  Oligarchy: any system of government where a small group (political party leaders or the military) holds power › Example: Communist governments like China  Democracy: any system of government in which leaders rule with the consent of the citizens › People hold sovereign power and elect representatives to make laws on their behalf › Example: The UK, USA, France

11.  Key terms from both chapters will be on the quiz