2. Olduwon Tool Set Simple tool set found at many erectus sites Simple tool set found at many erectus sites Choppers Choppers Cleavers Cleavers Evidence from multiple sites worldwide is evidence of communication and knowledge sharing Evidence from multiple sites worldwide is evidence of communication and knowledge sharing

3. Acheulean Tool Set More complex tool set, found at erectus, heidelbergensis, and other early human sites More complex tool set, found at erectus, heidelbergensis, and other early human sites Hand axes with scalloped edges Hand axes with scalloped edges Made up until roughly 100,000 y.a. Made up until roughly 100,000 y.a.

5. Use of Fire Take into consideration Take into consideration Early humans lived in groups Early humans lived in groups Early humans were omnivorous (with a few exceptions) – this means hunting and gathering Early humans were omnivorous (with a few exceptions) – this means hunting and gathering Early humans were not always the top of the food chain (we had predators) Early humans were not always the top of the food chain (we had predators) Early humans, while much brighter than the animals they ate and competed with, were not as bright as people are today Early humans, while much brighter than the animals they ate and competed with, were not as bright as people are today Come up with a day in the life of an early human and his/her relationship with fire Come up with a day in the life of an early human and his/her relationship with fire What are some daily events and how might have fire come into play? What are some daily events and how might have fire come into play? How it may have been maintained and used How it may have been maintained and used environmental factors (warmer climates versus colder climates) environmental factors (warmer climates versus colder climates) major benefits of its use major benefits of its use how it may have effected human development over time how it may have effected human development over time

6. The Question of Violence The hunters and I are up early. Nine of us--eight of them plus me as observer--are in a small forested valley among rugged hills in a remote part of East Africa. We left together in the darkness of early morning, and now as daylight comes the band of hunters stops on a grassy hillside overlooking a lake. They gather a breakfast of berries and leaves while I sit nearby eating a granola bar. We do not speak, nor can we speak any language the other would understand. I am simply following quietly and taking notes. During breakfast the hunters hear calls from their neighbors to the north, and set off to meet them. We cross a series of ridges, and as the group traverses a stream bed and climbs the valley slope on the other side we see and hear a group of monkeys feeding in a stand of small trees. The monkeys are social and noisy, clamoring about and leaping around in the lower branches. The hunters quickly assess the situation and run to the base of the trees; several begin to climb up toward the monkeys while others remain on the ground below, scanning the treetops. A large monkey falls from the tree while trying to escape and thuds into the dry leaves at my feet. A hunter rushes to grab it, then thumps it against the ground until it is dead. A moment later he steals another hunter's kill with impunity and stands in front of me gripping each monkey in a fist. After several minutes of frenzied action the hunt ends with five monkeys caught. Everyone then sits down around the base of the tree, feasting on the meat they have caught. The hunters politick throughout the meal, sharing and swapping scraps of the much- desired meat. For more than two hours they eat the monkeys, and the noise of bones crunching and contented grunting is all around me. The hunters share the bounty with one another, finish off most of the meal, and then nap for an hour. Every bit of the carcass-- including bones and skin--is eaten raw. After they are sated and rested, they get up as if on cue and walk off in search of more food.