1. Holocaust Resistance Movements
Picutres:
Oskar Schindler:
Irena Sendler:
Chiune Sugihara:
Mr Kelley
World war Two

2. Essential Question
What were the holocaust resistance movements and to what extent did they help save lives?

3. To set the mood. It shows a very quick idea of what happened
To set the mood. It shows a very quick idea of what happened. Hitler comes to power, gets support. After he finds his followers he is able to imprison the people and create concentration camps. Because of the inhumane conditions shown in some of these pictures it lead to people risking their lives to help those suffering
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Music: "Theme From Schindler's List"" By John Williams. Rec Schindler's List.

4. Religious Institutions

5. POPE PIUS XII Began indifferent and unhelpful towards the Jews
Extremely influential He could influence about 400 million Catholics
Spoke out against Italian racial laws preventing mixed marriages
Did not condemn Kristallnacht
He was very influential but he did not use this at first to help the Jews. He spoke out against the Italian racial laws in 1938 the same year as Kristallnacht which was the “night of broken glass”. The Nazis destroyed Jewish property (November 9-10)
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6. Concordat with Hitler
1933 Pope Pius signed a concordat with Adolf Hitler
Allowed Catholics to practice freely in Germany
Separated religion and politics
It weakened the Catholic Center Party in Germany, giving Hitler a political advantage over them
At the time of the signing of the concordat, Hitler was the German chancellor. The deal didn’t help the Jews or the other people being discriminated against. It only furthered both Hitler and the Nazis’ power in Germany.

7. POPE PIUS XII
March 1939 Pope Pius XII issued 3,000 visas to European Jews allowing them to flee persecution
When asked to publicly condemn the death camps, Pope Pius XII refused, wanting to remain neutral
He did however privately tell Catholic institutions to hide Jews
The visas were issued only to Jews that had converted to Catholicism. It allowed them to travel to Brazil. Some Jews began practicing Judaism once there and had their visas revoked. Even though he refused publicly he did support the Jews privately, even though it often was not enough

8. POPE PIUS XII Lent money to help the Jews
Protested in 1944 when Germany invaded Hungary and deported Jews from there
Transferred 6,000 Jewish Bulgarian kids to Palestine
Warned the Allies about Operation Yellow to blow up the British Navy
Germany invaded Italy, making the Jews come up with 50,000 Kg of gold, and Pope Pius XII gave them 15Kg to help their cause. Despite remaining neutral on the issue of Zionism, he still helped those 6000 kids get to Palestine.

9. Le Chambon-Sur-Lignon
The town was located in Vichy France, therefore they were not under German control. Many people in the town did not have enough money and were living in poverty like conditions yet they still helped the Jews.
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Protestant village in Southern France
Sheltered 5,000 Jews
The town hid Jews for four years

10. Le Chambon-Sur-Lignon
They gave the Jews fake IDs and ration cards
The town educated the Jewish children
Not one Jew hid in the town was taken by Nazis
The Jews were taken from Le Chambon, through French towns and villages, to the Swiss border to safety
After hiding the Jews Andre Trocme, with the help of other Protestants brought the Jews to safety in Switzerland with the help of Edouard Theis.

11. ANDRE TROCME Pastor of Le Chambon-Sur-Lignon
Trocmé hid the first Jew and encouraged the town to aid the Jews as well
The Reformed Church asked Trocmé to stop aiding Jews but he refused
Vichy government then requested Trocmé and his followers to stop but they also refused
The church asked Trocme to stop aiding Jews because they felt it could harm their followers in France. The Vichy government knew about Trocme aiding Jews and wanted to avoid problems.

12. These are some of the Jews that Trocme and the town were able to save
These are some of the Jews that Trocme and the town were able to save. That is a quote in response to the Vichy government after they asked Trocme and the village to stop aiding the Jews
Picture and quote: Bulow, Louis. "Remember." Auschwitz. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 5 June 2006 <
These people came here for help and for shelter. I am their shepherd. A shepherd does not forsake his flock Andre Trocmé

13. Le Chambon-sur-lignon
In 1942 the Vichy government arrived in Le Chambon with a list of Jews
Trocmé and the villagers refused to give the government any of the Jews on the list
Trocmé and the villagers were later arrested but released two weeks afterwards
After this incident Trocmé was forced into hiding
Trocme went into hiding after his arrest and his wife, Magda, took over the leadership and continued to hide the Jews.

14. Zegota

15. ZEGOTA Created after German invasion of Poland
Helped Jews in occupied Poland from
Founded by people of different backgrounds
Saved Jews from the Ghettos
Funded by the Polish government that was in exile
Helped save thousands of Jews from concentration camps. The Polish government funded Zegota from exile in London. The founders of Zegota were liberal, conservative and Jewish and non-Jewish it was a group of people that wanted to help humanity.

16. ZEGOTA
Provided Jews with money, medical attention, forged documents and foster homes for Jewish children
Priest assisted Zegota by giving birth certificates
July 1943 Children’s Bureau was established
Zegota relocated to Milanowek after Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
Saved an estimated 400, ,000 Jews
By giving the Jews the forged documents they were able to obtain Kennkarte (which allowed the Jews certain privileges such as food and jobs). Some of the forged documents came from priests. After a person died the priest would destroy the death certificate and give the birth certificate to Zegota. Zegota would then match the age with a Jew, which then gave that person a Christian identity. The Children’s Bureau saved about 600 children by the end of 1943.

17. JULIAN GROBELNY Alias was “Trojan” Part of the Polish Socialist Party
Elected head of Zegota
Hid the Jews in the most danger in his own home
Hid Jewish children in different institutions
Worked closely with Irena Sendler
The places where he hid the Jewish children include orphanages, foster homes, and convents.

18. IRENA SENDLER
I was taught that if a man is drowning, it is irrelevant what is his religion or nationality. One must help him. It is a need of the heart Irena Sendler
Irena Sendler, also known as Irena Sendlerowa. This quote shows some of Irena’s motives as of why she decided to help the Jews.
Picture:
Quote: Attoun, Marti. "The Schindler No One Knew." Natural Women's History Project. 7 June <

19. IRENA SENDLER Head of the children’s branch of Zegota
Rescued 2,500 Jewish children from the Warsaw Ghetto
Alias was “Jolanta”
After she rescued the children she taught them Christian traditions and behaviors
She recorded the identity of every Jewish child she saved
Irena was able to get into the Warsaw Ghetto by disguising herself as a nurse (as seen to the left). With the help of others she was able to sneak children out in ambulances, body bags, and other extreme methods. She then taught the children Christian ideas so they would fit in in the orphanages as Aryans. She made records of the children and hid them by a tree in her friends backyard.

20. IRENA SENDLER October 20, 1943 Irena was arrested
Taken to Pawiak prison
She was tortured and then sentenced to death
She however was not killed and went into hiding
She was not killed because Zegota bribed a guard. She was then virtually invisible to the Nazis and she went into hiding. For a long time no one knew about Irena even though she saved 2,500 Jewish children. After the holocaust Irena got the records and tried to find the children she had helped to reunite them with their families

21. TADEUSZ REK Lawyer who represented the Polish Popular Party in Warsaw
Joined Zegota in 1943 and became the Vice President
He let many Jews stay temporarily at his home
His apartment was a frequent Zegota meeting place
Along with the 300 Jews he had under his care, he let one stay permanently at his home as a nurse/maid. His code name was Rozycki.

22. TADEUSZ REK
He gave various forms of aid to between 40,000 and 50,000 Jews
His wife encouraged family and friends to take in Jews and keep them secretly at their homes
Arrested and sent to Pawiak prison
Then he was sent to Auschwitz
The ways he gave aid to the Jews include false documents, sheltering, medical care, and taking care of children. This gave the Jews safety, even though Rek was putting himself, his wife, and their family and friends in danger.

23. ZOFIA KOSSAK
Before the war Zofia was anti-Semitic
She joined Zegota because she was patriotic towards Poland
Her codename was “Weronika”
She wrote “Protest”, a leaflet defying the Nazis and the current government in Poland
Whoever remains silent in the face of murder becomes an accomplice of the murder. He who does not condemn, condones –Zofia Kossak
This quotation expresses why she joined, even though she was originally anti-Semitic
Quote: Tomaszewski, Irene, and Tecia Werbowski. "ZEGOTA – the Rescue of Jews in Wartime Poland." Citinet. 7 June 2006 <

24. ADOLF BERMAN
In 1939 he was the director of the Warsaw branch of the Federation of Associations for the Care of Orphans
He then found the Antifascist Bloc which later became the Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB)
Berman was able to move out of the Warsaw Ghetto and pass as an Aryan Pole
Berman was the director of the children’s branch in 1939 when Poland was invaded by Germany. The ZOB was the main Jewish Fighting alliance.

25. ADOLF BERMAN Berman was the secretary of Zegota
He was a representative to the Jewish National Committee
Berman was able to preserve records from the Warsaw Ghetto
Berman involved Irena Sendler with Zegota by asking for her help to save the children
January 1944 captured by the Poles but was later freed
He was freed from arrest because his friends paid the bail. He continued to help with Zegota and after the war he moved to Israel and became active in the government

26. REDINAND ARCZYNSKI He was a founding member of Zegota
His alias was “Marek”
He was the Zegota treasurer and the head of the legislative bureau
He brought a lot of the people who harmed Jews to justice
Because he was the head of the legislative bureau, he was able to exercise his power of those who had denounced and blackmailed by executing their deaths.

27. REDINAND ARCZYNSKI
Gave Jews help in various forms such as shelter, medical care, and money
He smuggled food and clothes into the ghettos
He also played a large part in the founding of the Lvov and Cracow branches of Zegota
By doing this he helped save the lives of many Jews in the ghettos in which conditions were usually inhumane.

28. Wladyslaw Bartoszewski
Born 1922 in Warsaw, Poland
From September April 1941 he was in Auschwitz
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29. Wladyslaw Bartoszewski
Co-founder of Zegota
He also worked with the Catholic underground, specifically with the FOP from 1942 to 1944
Received the Righteous Among the Nations Award
The Righteous Among the Nations Award is Israel’s highest honor and he was one of the first Poles to receive it. The FOP was the Front for the Rebirth of Poland.

30. German Resistance

31. OSKAR SCHINDLER German man, born in Austria-Hungary
Generally a “sinful” man
Participated in black market trading and was able to get his own factory of Jewish workers through his friends
Numerous Jews invested in his factory in return for safety and work
Got a lot of Jews to stay alive via the black market, bribing, and lying. Never was an honest man and always was womanizing, but he saved the lives of thousands of Jews.

32. OSKAR SCHINDLER
His factory, where many Jews worked was described as an “Oasis of humanity in a desert of moral torpor”
In his factory, they made defective bullets and other war material for the German army
He moved the factory to the Sudetenland to keep the Jews working there safer
His factory was an “oasis” because no one was ever harmed or killed there, unlike the camps such as Auschwitz. It gave the Jews a place to be other than the death camps.
Quote (not primary source, just good phrasing in the article):

33. OSKAR AND THE SHINDLERJUDEN
The Jews he protected were called the Schindlerjuden (Schindler’s children). The picture is of the Schindlerjuden hugging Schindler (second from right). In 1944 he created a bracn of his factory the he would need 900 Jews for. He put their names in a list and he protected them. The list of the 900 Jews he would need is referred to as “Schindler’s List.”
Picture: "Oskar Schindler." Jewish Virtual Library The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 5 June 2006 <

34. OSKAR SCHINDLER
A survivor stated: I don't know what his motives were... But I don't give a damn. What's important is that he saved our lives.
Schindler answered this question however after the war:
If you saw a dog going to be crushed under a car, wouldn't you help him?
This helps show why Schindler did it even though those he helped may not know.
Survivor’s Quote: Bülow, Louis. "Schindler." The Holocaust: Crimes, Heroes and Villains. 5 June 2006 <
Schindler Quote: "Oskar Schindler." Jewish Virtual Library The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 5 June 2006 <

35. KARL PLAGGE Major in German army Member of Nazi party WWI veteran
At first he agreed with Hitler’s ideas
When he started to disagree with the Nazi policies, the local Darmstadt Nazi leadership removed him from a position of high authority.
Picture:

36. KARL PLAGGE
He took 1,200 Jews away from the mass-killing areas and used them for forced labor at his own camp
Since he took them from the ghettos, they were less likely to be moved to death camps
Took over 1,000 families from the Wilna Ghetto (which was soon after liquidated) to his camp, HKP
Of the 1,200 Jews he rescued from the mass-killing places, 700 were men and the rest were women and children. At his own camp, the Jews were treated much nicer and the work was easier. They weren’t beaten or killed at HKP.

37. KARL PLAGGE
He gave the Jews work permits that protected them from the SS
However, when Plagge was on leave, the Gestapo came into the camp and killed all of the children
He was then told by the SS that he had to relocate his camp and that he couldn’t take the “skilled workers” with him
The work permits prevented them from being killed by the SS because they were being used to help the German economy and were no good to them dead.

38. KARL PLAGGE
When he was forced to be relocated, he had time to warn all the Jews at his camp
The Jews were able to hide in various places and many of them survived
Of the 1,000 Jews left at his camp when they were to be relocated, 750 of them were found by the SS and shot. 250 Jews survived however, the largest number of survivors in the killings of Vilnius (in Lithuania). In 2005 he received the “Righteous Among the Nations Award” – Israel’s highest honor given to those who have helped the Jews.

39. Help From Asia

40. CHIUNE SUGIHARA
Chiune Sugihara was the Japanese consul in Kaunas, Lithuania in March 1939
He saved more than 6,000 Jews – the second most saved during the holocaust
Many Polish refugees had fled into Lithuania after the German invasion
Germany invaded Lithuania on 6/15/40
The picture to the left and on the bottom is of Chiune Sugihara.

41. CHIUNE SUGIHARA
After Germany invaded both Lithuania and Poland, the Soviet Union said that they would let the Jews pass through if they could obtain certain travel documents
In July 1940 all foreign embassies had to leave Lithuania but the Dutch and Japanese consul got extensions
Two Dutch Caribbean Islands didn’t require formal entrance passes
The Dutch consul agreed to stamp all passports of Jews so that they could get into the two Dutch islands (Curacao and Dutch Guiana). If the Jews could receive Japanese travel papers so that they could go through Russia and Japan, they could get to those islands and escape from the holocaust in Europe.

42. CHIUNE SUGIHARA
Thousands of Jews went to the Japanese consul asking for the Japanese transit visas
Sugihara wired back to the government in Japan for permission to sign these visas
Three times they refused to give him permission
He disobeyed them and from 7/31/40 – 8/28/40 he signed 300 visas a day
For Sugihara to disobey his government was hard for him because of his strict Japanese upbringing which shows just how brave and courageous he was. The 300 daily visas he signed was roughly equivalent to a full month’s work.

43. Visa issued By Chiune Sugihara
This is a visa issued by Sugihara to Susan Bluman
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44. CHIUNE SUGIHARA
On 9/1/40 his extension was up and he had to leave the country
Even as his train was pulling away he still signed the visas through the window
He then gave the stamper for the passports to a Jew who then signed and stamped many other passports
As the train pulled away Sugihara threw passports out the window in order to save as many Jews as possible before being taken away.

45. CHIUNE SUGIHARA
The Jews who were able to get the passports made their way via trains through Russia and Japan and arrived safely at the Dutch Islands
Despite his disobedience, the Japanese government still used Sugihara for the remainder of the war but then dismissed him afterwards
After being dishonorably dismissed from his government, he wasn’t able to get another high job in the government and his family wasn’t as rich or as well off as they were before. This was the sacrifice he was willing to make to ensure that 6,000 Jews were safe from the terrors of the holocaust. In 1985 he received Israel’s greatest honor, the “Righteous Among the Nations” award.

46. FENG SHAN HO Issued visas to Shanghai to Jews from Austria
Feng-Shan Ho was one of the first diplomats to help Jews
Saved thousands of Jews from
Visas were not needed to enter Shanghai but the Nazis created a law requiring Jews to have a visa to travel from one country to another.
Feng-Shan Ho was the Chinese consul-general in Vienna from
Ho went against Chen Jie’s orders to stop issuing visas (because he wanted to have good relations between China and Germany and issuing the visas could harm it)
Many of the Jews that obtained the visas from Ho did not go to Shanghai but went to Palestine and the Philippines
Picture of Ho-

47. Visas Issued by Feng Shan Ho
The visa to the left is the closed visa, to the right it is opened
This is a photograph of a visa issued from Ho to a Jew
Pictures:

48. PAN JUN SHUN
Took care of Ludmilla, a Jewish child who escaped while being transported to a death camp
Alexandra and Mitrofan Babaeva and Nadezhada helped in raising the child
Continued to care for the girl even after the war
Was the first Chinese man to receive the title Righteous Among the Nations
Ludmilla was able to escape because her mother bribed a guard with jewelry. Pan Jun Shun took care of her after his wife had died and his sons were drafted to fight in the war.

49. Warsaw Ghetto Resistance

50. THE ZOB Stood for Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa
Led by Mordecai Anielewicz
Created October 1942 at a Ha-Shomer Club meeting
Made by occupants of the Warsaw Ghetto
Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa is Polish for Jewish Fighting Organization. It was created during a meeting at the Ha-Shomer Club (Left-Zionist Club).

51. GOALS OF THE ZOB To defend the Warsaw Ghetto
To teach a lesson to the Jewish police, the “shops,” the Werkschutz and all informers
To stop the deportation and liquidation of the Jewish residents of the Warsaw Ghetto
The “shops” were code names for German businesses. The Werkschutz were the guards of the “shops.”

52. MORDECAI ANIELEWICZ
Mordecai was one of the leaders of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising and a head of ZOB. During his time in the Warsaw Ghetto he created a radio station to inform the Jews of what was happening outside of the ghetto. He also wrote articles for one of the many underground journals, “Against the Stream”
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53. MORDECAI ANIELEWICZ In 1942 he organized a fighting unit
January 1943 the Nazis rounded up a group of Jews to send to the death camps
Mordecai and his fellow fighters attacked the Nazis
January 1943 the Nazis gathered a few hundred Jews to send to the death camps. The attack by Mordecai and others allowed these captured Jews to flee. The attack scared the Nazis leading the deportations stopping for three months. During these three months Mordecai and others drew up maps and plans for the next attack.

54. Warsaw Ghetto uprising-April 19, 1943
Nazis reported to headquarters: The Jewish resistance was unexpected, unusually strong, and a great surprise.
May 8th the Germans found the main bunker where the fighters were hiding
The Nazis killed the Jews inside, including Mordecai
The Nazis expected to win the battle quickly because they felt they would be weak. The Jews began to grow weak and were running out of weapons towards the end. When the Nazis found the fighters hiding they threw poison gas into the bunker. Those that came out were shot. It is unknown if the gas killed Mordecai or if he took the poison. This resistance however, lasted longer than the Poles resistance in September 1939, it lasted a total of four weeks (4/19-5/16)
Quote: Stadtler, Bea. The Holocaust: a History of Courage and Resistance. Behrman House, Inc.,

55. ADAM CZERNIAKOW Spoke against the 1927 Guild Law
Represented Jewish artisans to the Warsaw Municipal Council
In the Warsaw Ghetto the Gestapo appointed him “President of the Jewish Religious Community of Warsaw”
Spoke avidly to the German officers trying to convince them not to kill the Jews
The Guild Law of 1927 basically took all of the Jews out of their jobs. From his high position in the Warsaw Ghetto he was able to keep German influence to a minimum.

56. YITZHAK ZUCKERMAN Born in Vilna, Lithuania in 1915
1936 worked as part of Zionist Youth Movement in Warsaw, Poland
Worked as part head officer in Zionist Youth Movement. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939 Yitzhak moved to the Soviet Union.
Picture:

57. YITZHAK ZUCKERMAN He returned to Poland in 1940
Promoted resistance to the Nazis
December 22, 1942 participated in attack against a Café in Cracow
Fought with Mordecai Anielewicz during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
August 1944 fought in the Polish Uprising
The café in Cracow was used by Gestapo and SS soldiers. He fought with Gole Mire and Adolf Liebeskind (who were killed). Yitzhak survived the war and moved to Israel in 1947.

58. 11,000,000 murdered!
Even with all of the efforts of the rescuers and resisters approximately 11,000,000 people were killed. About 6,000,000 were Jews, of the remaining 5,000,000 many were those that attempted to help and save others from the inhumane acts of the Nazis.