1. Analyzing the Impact of Fiscal Policy on Poverty: Seven Stories Shanta Devarajan South Asia Region World Bank

2. Determinants of infant mortality in Malaysia

3. Public subsidies per capita to education by deciles in Indonesia (early 1990s)

4. Fiscal Impact: CNCA Morocco Subsidy, millions of dollars 160% of preventive health 1989 1990 1991 1992 Average 060120 67 76 90 107 85 20% of basic education

5. 2. Forgone Opportunities in Maharashtra, India

6. Primary Education in Uganda (PETS) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 19901991 1993 1994 1995 US$ per Student Intended Grant Amount Received by School (mean) 1999 Grants for Primary Education in Uganda In 1995, survey of 250 primary schools in 19 of 39 districts;

7. Primary Education in Uganda (PETS) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 19901991 1993 1994 1995 US$ per Student Intended Grant Amount Received by School (mean) 1999 In 1995, survey of 250 primary schools in 19 of 39 districts; Survey repeated in 1998 and 2000. Grants for Primary Education in Uganda

8. 8 All India Teacher Absence Map (Public Schools) State Teacher Absence (%) Maharashtra14.6 Gujarat17.0 Madhya Pradesh17.6 Kerala21.2 Himachal Pradesh21.2 Tamil Nadu21.3 Haryana21.7 Karnataka21.7 Orissa23.4 Rajasthan23.7 West Bengal24.7 Andhra Pradesh25.3 Uttar Pradesh26.3 Chhatisgarh30.6 Uttaranchal32.8 Assam33.8 Punjab34.4 Bihar37.8 Jharkhand41.9 Delhi- All India Weighted24.8% Source: Kremer, Muralidharan, Chaudhury, Hammer, and Rogers. 2004. “Teacher Absence in India.”

9. India 2003: Doctor absence from primary health clinics by state and reason

10. Quality is low, even when present (Delhi doctors) What they do is in blue, what they know is in red. MBBS doctors are (roughly) the equivalent of MDs in the US. Das and Hammer (2005)