2. Asia in the 20 th Century

3. Asia in the 20 th Century China Becomes a Republic China remained a weak, divided nation in the late 19 th and early 20 th century The Qing Dynasty finally fell in 1912 when the Emperor Puyi was forced to abdicate by revolutionaries under Sun Yat-sen After the establishment of the Republic, China dissolved into an era of warlords controlling various parts of the country, while many of China’s ports essentially were under foreign control Finally in the mid-1920s, Sun’s protégé, Chiang Kai-shek consolidated rule, although rivals such as the Communists under Mao remained a problem Sun Yat-sen Chiang Kai-shek

4. Asia in the 20 th Century World War II in China WWII arguably started in China Japan seized Manchuria in 1931 It invaded the rest of China in 1937 Responding to Japanese aggression distracted Chiang from badly need reform efforts It also forced him to put aside his war against the Communists to ally with them against the Japanese The wartime alliance benefited the Communists more than Chiang’s Kuomintang The communists emerged as heroes in the eyes of China’s peasants Chiang lost 3 million troops and was so weakened when the civil war resumed after WWII he was forced in 1949 to flee to Taiwan

5. Asia in the 20 th Century The People’s Republic China under the Communists was dominated until 1976 by Mao Zedong Mao soon collectivized Chinese agriculture and launched a campaign against “class enemies” The Great Leap Forward (1950s) Tried to create industrial workshops among peasants Disastrous policy leading to millions of deaths from famine Cultural Revolution (1960s) Mao sought to recapture the fervor of the era of guerilla struggle Encouraged the young to form units of “Red Guards” Mao set the Red Guards against enemies real and perceived Mao Zedong

6. Asia in the 20 th Century China after Mao Mao died in 1976, power passed to a formal rival of Mao, Deng Xiaoping New policies Collectivization of agriculture ends Private enterprise legalized, foreign investment allowed and encouraged The state remained very involved in economic activity The Communist Party retained its monopoly on power, ruthlessly crushing a student-led pro- democracy movement protesting in Tiananmen Square in 1989 Since then China’s wealth and international power have continued to expand greatly Deng Xiaoping

7. Asia in the 20 th Century Japan: Embracing Defeat After its surrender, Japan came under American occupation The military governor of Japan was Gen. Douglas MacArthur MacArthur implemented basic reforms in Japan These reforms kept the emperor in place, but successfully suppressed Japanese militarism and planted the seeds of Japanese democracy and made the nation a staunch U.S. ally in the Cold War Stripped of its military power, Japan applied its creative energy to business, becoming an economic powerhouse in international industry and trade

8. Asia in the 20 th Century India (1) During the prewar period a powerful movement had emerged seeking independence from Britain It was centered in the Indian National Congress, but its spiritual leader was Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi encouraged non-violent resistance to British rule He was alternately ignored, jailed, and courted by the British His biggest frustration was violent extremist elements in the independence movement Independence (1947) The Labour Party government that took power after WWII in Britain decided to grant India independence Its biggest problem was the Muslim refusal to join India, necessitating the creation of Pakistan Mahatma Gandhi

9. Asia in the 20 th Century India (2) India-Pakistan relations Since independence, both India and Pakistan repeatedly went to war The flashpoints have varied: the province of Kashmir, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), and old religious hatreds During the Cold War, Pakistan allied itself with the U.S., India with the USSR The conflict has become especially worrisome since the 1990s when both countries successfully tested nuclear weapons India has emerged from its Cold War protectionist economy to become a major high tech player, particularly in software development and in service outsourcing