1. Cherie Levy Dianne A Vella-Brodrick School of Psychology, Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Monash University

2. SAVOURING (BRYANT, 2003) MINDFULNESS (BUDDHISM) The capacity to enjoy moments in life Enhance the quality of consciousness through directed attention and awareness on the present moment SWB Involves a cognitive (SWLS) component and an affective (PANAS) component (Diener, 1984) “Architecture of Sustainable Change”: 40% of the variance of happiness is attributable to intentional activity (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon & Schkade, 2005)

3.  Savouring vs. Coping  Not inherent in the experience, it may need to be harvested  Reminiscent, In the Moment and Anticipatory Savouring  Savouring could be related to SWB through Fredrickson’s Broaden-and-Build Theory (Isen 1987; Fredrickson, 1998)  Savouring and SWB (Bryant, 2003)  Positively correlated with present happiness, intensity & frequency of happiness and affect intensity  Negatively correlated with frequency of unhappy and neutral affect and social anhedonia NB: highest correlations for these findings always reflected the In the Moment savouring subscale

4.  2,500 year old Buddhist teaching of freeing oneself from distracting thoughts by focussing on the present moment  Two key elements: Awareness and an attitude of acceptance (Bishop et al, 2004)  Mindfulness as a therapeutic tool (Bar; 2003; Kabat- Zinn, 1990; 2003)  Mindfulness and SWB (Brown & Ryan, 2003)  Positively correlated with positive affect and life satisfaction  Inversely correlated with negative affect

5. CONCEPTUAL SIMILARITY  INTERACTIVE RELATIONSHIP? BOTH CONCENTRATE ON THE PRESENT MOMENT  BASE LEVEL OF MINDFULNESS ALLOWS FOR GREATER SAVOURING  GREATER SWB Savouring  Focus on positive feelings (PA) Mindfulness  Focus on acceptance of all feelings (good and bad)  Focus on decreased emotional reactivity (Decrease NA)

6.  Extend on previous research  Explore predictive relationships of savouring and mindfulness on SWB  Broader population sample (adults + students) and meditators and non- meditators  Explore whether levels of mindfulness enhance the ability to savour  Explore how each construct predicts each dimension of SWB. HypothesesHypotheses Savouring and mindfulness will be significant predictors of SWB In the Moment savouring will be the best predictor of SWB in comparison to anticipatory and reminiscent savouring

7.  147 participants completed either web-based or hardcopy questionnaire kits  Recruited from public offices, health centres, 1 st year participant pool at Monash and Buddhist centres and online groups

8. Sociodemographic (e.g. age, gender, marital status, income) and control variables (e.g. meditation frequency, duration and experience) Measure Number of Items Responses (Likert scales) Reliability (α) Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin (1985) 5 1 - “strongly disagree” 7 - “strongly agree”.87 Positive And Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Watson, Clark & Tellegen (1988) Positive Affect & Negative Affect 20 1 - “very slightly” 5 – “extremely”.88/.86 Savouring Beliefs Inventory (SBI) Bryant (2003) Anticipating, In the Moment, Reminiscing 24 1 - “strongly disagree” 7 - “strongly agree.89 Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale (PHLMS) Cardaciotto, Herbert, Forman, Moitra & Farrow (2008) Acceptance & Awareness 20 1 - “never 5 - ”very often”.75/.82

9. Outcome Variables Subjective Well- Being Dimensions (PANAS & SWLS) Positive Affect Negative Affect Satisfaction with Life Step 1Sociodemographic and control variables Age Income Marital Status Meditation Experience & Frequency Step 2Mindfulness (PHLMS) Acceptance Present-moment Awareness Step 3Savouring (SBI)Anticipating In the moment Reminiscing

10. Summary of Change statistics for all SWB Dimensions Note. Predictors (Model 1): Marital Status (SWL, PA), Meditation Frequency (SWL, NA), Meditation Experience (SWL), Age (PA, NA), Income (PA, NA) Predictors (Model 2): Acceptance, Awareness Predictors (Model 3): Anticipating, In the Moment, Reminiscing a Satisfaction with Life (Model 3): F(8,66) = 4.08, p <.001 b Positive Affect (Model 3): F(8, 85) = 6.27, p <.001 c Negative Affect (Model 2): F (5, 88) = 6.47, p <.001 Dependent VariablePredictorR2R2 Adj R 2 R 2 Changep Satisfaction with Life a Model 1.10.06.10.06 Model 2.19.13.09.03 Model 3.33.25.15.00 Positive Affect b Model 1.10.07.10.02 Model 2.21.16.10.00 Model 3.37.31.16.00 Negative Affect c Model 1.08.05.08.05 Model 2.27.23.19.00 Model 3.33.26.06.07

11. VariableBSE BβTP Satisfaction with Life Marital Status.991.21.09.81.42 Medit’n Frequency.50.82.08.60.55 Medit’n Experience.06.09.08.72.48 PHMLS Acceptance.14.10.161.39.17 PHLMS Awareness.05.14.05.40.69 SBI Anticipating-.07.12-.08-.60.55 SBI In the Moment.32.14.372.35.02 SBI Reminiscing.09.13.12.71.48 Positive Affect Age.00.06.01.07.94 Marital Status.831.13.08.73.47 Income.00.191.79.08 PHLMS Acceptance.12.08.151.44.16 PHLMS Awareness.15.10.141.55.13 SBI Anticipating-.11.09-.14-1.17.25 SBI In the Moment.25.11.312.29.03 SBI Reminiscing.17.10.241.77.08 Negative Affect Age.03.06.07.66.51 Meditation Frequency-.24.63-.04-.38.70 Income.00.05.45.66 PHLMS Acceptance.40.09.484.65.00 PHLMS Awareness.17.12.141.44.15

12.  Mindfulness significantly predicted all dimensions of SWB, but particularly NA  Savouring significantly predicted SWL and PA, but not NA  ITM savouring was the best predictor of SWB compared to anticipatory and reminiscent savouring  It was the single best predictor of both SWL (37%) and PA (31%)

13.  Mindfulness was not a precondition for savouring  Mindfulness is more instructive in NA than SWB generally  Explore the predictive ability of mindfulness for psychological well-being (PWB)  Evidence for the usefulness of Acceptance & Commitment Therapy (Eifert & Forsyth, 2005) in anxiety and pain disorders  Savouring is more useful as an intervention to enhance happiness  Use ESM for variables that are susceptible to change based on mood and recent experiences

14.  Adopt a more present-moment focus  Savouring and mindfulness function independently and influence different dimensions of SWB  Happiness is best sought through savouring techniques  Mindfulness aids to decrease emotional reactivity  Need to explore the efficacy of mindfulness in predicting PWB