2.  Celestial Sphere  Imagine a sphere that surrounds our planet in which all the stars are attached. This sphere is allowed to rotate freely around the planet.  Celestial Equator  Located above the Earth’s Equator

4.  Right Ascension  East-West Measurement similar to longitude  Declination  North-South Measurement similar to latitude

6.  Ecliptic  Sun’s path relative to the Stars

7.  The angle across the sky a star seems to move in reference to the background of stars between two observations that are 6 months apart.  The measurements are taken when the planet is on opposite sides of the Sun.

8.  The farther the star, the harder it is to measure because it doesn’t move very much.

9.  Refracting Telescope  Uses a combination of lenses to created a larger image.

10.  Reflecting Telescope  Uses mirrors or other types of reflective surfaces to focus the signals onto a receiver.

11.  Electromagnetic radiation can be described in terms of a stream of photons. These are massless particles each travelling in a wave-like pattern and moving at the speed of light.  Each photon contains a certain amount (or bundle) of energy. The only difference between the various types of electromagnetic radiation is the amount of energy found in the photons.  Radio waves have photons with low energies, microwaves have a little more energy than radio waves, infrared has still more, then visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and... the most energetic of all... gamma-rays.

12.  EM radiation from space is unable to reach the surface of the Earth except visible light, radio wave, and UV light  Astronomers can get above enough of the Earth's atmosphere to “see” the rest of the spectrum.  This is done by building telescopes on mountains, in airplanes, or in satellites.

14. Radiated by Objects at this temperature:  More than 100 000 000 Pulsar

15. Typical Sources  Accretion Disks around Black Holes

16. Technology Fermi Gamma Ray Space Telescope

17. Radiated by Objects at this temperature:  1 000 000 – 100 000 000 k

18. Typical Sources  Gas in Clusters of galaxies; supernova remnants; stellar corona Our Sun Stephan’s Quintet

19. Technology Chandra X-Ray Observatory ROSAT

20. Radiated by Objects at this temperature:  10 000 – 1 000 000 K New Star Formations

21. Typical Sources  Supernova remnants; very hot stars M81 Andromeda

22. Technology Hubble Telescope

23. Radiated by Objects at this temperature:  1000 – 10 000 K

24. Typical Sources  Planets; stars; some satellites

25. Technology  Hubble Telescope

26. Radiated by Objects at this temperature:  10 – 1000 K

27. Typical Sources  Cool clouds of dust and gas; planets Sombrero Galaxy Helix Galaxy

28. Technology SOFIA Space Infrared Telescope Facility

29. Radiated by Objects at this temperature:  1 – 10 K

30. Typical Sources  Cool clouds of gas; including those round newly formed stars; the cosmic microwave background.

31. Technology  What are the values of the Big Bang Theory?  How did structures of galaxies form in the Universe?  When did the first structure of galaxies form? Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP),

32. Radiated by Objects at this temperature:  Less than 1 K

33. Typical Sources  Radio emissions produced by moving electrons in a magnetic field.

34. Technology Arecibo radio observatory

37.  What is the Doppler Effect and how does it relate to stars?)  Why do some stars explode as supernova? What determines its type of Supernova?  Explain the relationship between the type of death of a star and the star’s initial mass and size.  Astronomers can learn many things about a star from its spectral lines? Name three things they can determine from the spectral lines.  How would an increase in mass affect the basic properties of a star?  What is the purpose of the Main Sequence? (3 marks)