1. Spreading of Epidemic Based on Human and Animal Mobility Pattern
Yanqing Hu, Dan Luo, Xiaoke Xu, Zhangang Han, Zengru Di
Department of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University

2. Background & Motivation
In the recent 10 years, the worldwide deluges of epidemics happened in human societies have been more frequent, e. g., the SARS in 2003, the H5N1 in 2006 and H1N1 in 2009.

3. Pattern—Levy flight
Most of the studies on human and animal mobility pattern including experimental data and theoretic analysis found that their mobility pattern follows the Levy flight:
Scaling laws of marine predator search behaviour, Nature (2008 )
D. Brockmann, L. Hufnagel and T. Geisel, The scaling laws of human travel, Nature, 439, , (2006).

4. Viewpoint
1. Epidemic spreading processes always follow the mobility of human and animal.
2. Network based epidemic model should reflect the feature of human and animal mobility. Previous works focus on the topology of network based epidemic models.
3. We want to establish a network model with a Levy flight spatial structure to reflect the feature of human and animal mobility pattern.
Questions
1. How to describe the Levy flight spatial structure of epidemic spreading?
2. Whether the exponential of the Levy flight on epidemic spreading process will show the same character as the mobility patterns?

5. We focus on
How does the mobility pattern impact on epidemical diffusion?
Main works
1. SI model for extremely rapid spreading epidemic.
2. SIS model for investigating the diffusion ability.

6. Spatial Network Model and Property
Energy
To establish a Levy flight spatial network , as all the individuals only have limited energy, there must be a cost constraint on the mobility. Hence, we give a restriction on total energy.
The frequency distribution of sum of walk distances in a day for deer and sheep. Both distribution are vary narrow, which represents the energy distribution is homogenous.
Source: These data were obtained at the Macaulay Institute’s Glensaugh Research Station, Aberdeenshire, in north-east Scotland.

7. Network model
Based on a uniform cycle, each node denotes a small group of people.
Given a restriction on total energy, we get a one-dimensional weighted network with a Levy flight spatial structure.
1. Full connected weighted network and each node is same with the degree E(d) denotes the expectation of one Levy flight distance.
2. Each node has limited energy.
3. The weight of edge means the expectation of communication times.

8. Diffusion
On this weighted network, the infected probability is related with the weight.
A susceptive node i will be infected with a probability ,
where v is the spreading ratio, and I is the set of infected nodes.
Infected nodes become susceptive with rate
The effective spreading rate is defined as
1. SI model
Randomly choose one node as
an infected individual, others are susceptible.
Terminate until all the nodes are
infected and register the steps have been taken
as T .

9. Results of SI Model
1. Epidemic spreading speed with different exponent
The curve has a lowest point when
Which implies that the mobility pattern will driven the epidemic diffusion.
n=1000
V=0.05
Epidemic spreading speed with different exponent on SI model.

10. 2. Spread ratio under different a and various network size n

11. 3.Terminate time with population size under different and various size n
There is a log-log linear
dependence between terminate
time and the population size.
When a=-2 , the slope is 0.5

12. 2. SIS model On SIS model, there is a phase transition when .
Using the mean field theory, we analyzed the critical threshold of SIS model on this network.
Reaction diffusion equation :
Our Model: The reaction equation of SIS model

13. There is a phase transition when , this conclusion can be extended to the cases of high-dimensional.
The simulated and analytical critical threshold with different exponent on SIS model.

14. The End, Thanks!