1. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Dr.Ir. Andy Soegianto, CESA

2. What is Biotechnology ? Use of living organisms to solve problems
or make useful products
Use of cells and biomolecules to solve
problems or make useful products
Almost anything to do with biology &
technology
Use of living organism or parts of them to
produce industrially goods or services

3. Biotechnology Microbiology Molecular Biology Biochemistry Cell Biology
Molecular Genetics
Engineering Processes
Biotechnology
Health Diagnoses
Chemical Industry
Fermentation Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry
Environment and Energy
Food and Animal Feed Industry

4. Progression of Biotechnology The Era before Louis Pasteur
Alcoholic drinks (Beer, Wine, Palm-wine)
Fermented Food (Cheese, yoghurt, tape, tempe, petis, terasi)

5. Progression of Biotechnology The Era of Louis Pasteur
Alcohol (Ethanol, Butanol, aceton, glycerol)
Organic acids (Citric acid, acetic acid)
Aerobic waste treatment

6. Progression of Biotechnology The Era of Antibiotics
Antibiotics (Penicillin, tetracyclin, streptomycin)
Vaccine (NCD, polio)
Steroid Transformation (DOPA)
Liquid Medium Fermentation Technology
Animal Tissue Culture Technology

7. Progression of Biotechnology The Era of Post-Antibiotics
Amino Acids (Glutamic Acid, Lysin, aspartame)
Single Cell Protein
Enzyme (Amylase, Glucose isomerase, Glucose dehydrogenase)
Cell and Enzyme Mobilization Technology
Anaerobic liquid waste treatment technology (Biogas)
Polisaccharide bacteria (Xanthan, Trehalosa)

8. Progression of Biotechnology Modern Biotechnology Era
1973, The gene can be cloned for the first time
1974, Cloned gene expression on different organism
1975, monoclonal antibody (Hybridome Technology
Technology of diagnostic test using antibody
Genetic Engineering
Artificial vaccine
Insulin from alcoholic drink

9. The Most Used Terms in Modern Biotechnology
Transgene – Strange gene which is inserted into a species
Example – Cry gene (gene codes for toxic protein for Coleoptera)
Transgenic organism – an organism contains of transgene by the process of biotechnology (not a cross as in plant breeding process)
Example – Bollgard cotton
Herbicide resistant maize

10. PRODUCTS OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE
GMO - Genetically modified organisms
An organism which has a new trait that is not found before as a result of addition of gene derived from another organism. Also called as Transgenic organism
Pest resistant Maize
Bt toxin content can kill a corn borer
Gene controls toxin production is derived from bacteria
Normal
Transgenic

11. Toxic to these insect orders
Cry gene designation
Toxic to these insect orders
CryIA(a), CryIA(b), CryIA(c)
Lepidoptera
Cry1B, Cry1C, Cry1D
CryII
Lepidoptera, Diptera
CryIII
Coleoptera
CryIV
Diptera
CryV
Lepidoptera, Coleoptera

12. Virus resistant plants
papaya, orange, potato
Resistance Gene is derived
from virus
Herbicide resistant plants
already exist: soybean, maize, canola
next: sugarbeet, cabbage, strawberry,
alfalfa, potato, wheat
Resistance Gene is derived from bacteria

15. HERBICIDE TOLERANCE CROPS (HTCs) Herbicide Tolerant Crops
Commercial Name
Herbicide Tolerant Crops
Bromoxynil
Buctril
cotton, potato, tobacco
Glyphosate
Roundup
sugar beet, corn, cotton, lettuce, canola, soybean, tobacco, tomato, wheat
Glufosinate
Liberty, Ignite, Basta
alfalfa, sugar beet, corn, barley, melon, peanut, rice, canola, soybean, tomato, wheat
Sulfonylureas
corn, cotton, tobacco, tomato, flax, soybean, sugar beet
Imidazolinones
corn, canola, wheat
2,4-D
potato, sweetgum, cotton
Sethoxydim
corn
Triazines
canola

16. The Differences between Plant Biotechnology and Plant Breeding
Plant Biotechnology allows the plant breeder a wider choice of traits to choose from and allows the trait to be realized in a more precise manner and within a shorter time period.
Conventional plant breeding
Can only use genes from within one species
or several closely related species or wild
species, becoming a limitation due to loss of
genetic diversity
Takes many years to develop an improved
variety

17. Interspecific crossing in Plant Breeding
Wheat
Rye X
Triticale
New species, but NOT as result of Modern Biotechnology process

18. New trait, without a strange gene Mutagenesis treatment
Mutagenesis changes DNA sequences of a gene
allow to get a new advantageous trait
Mutagenesis treatment
Gene target
ATTCGA
New Gene
ATTGGA

20. “While traditional breeding approaches have worked well, they can be very time consuming and sometimes inefficient. Each plant has tens of thousands of genes, so crossing two plants results in a multitude of combinations.
With advances in technology, scientists can now precisely identify through marker technology some of the individual genes responsible for producing a particular characteristic. Traits such as fruit color or resistance to a particular pest, make breeding new varieties quicker and more precise.

21. Table 1. Areas of Biotech Crop Growth 2004
COUNTRY
AREA (m Ha)
CROP
USA
Argentina
Canada
Brazil
China
South Africa
India
Paraguay
Uruguay
Australia
Romania
Spain
Mexico
47.6
16.2
5.4
5.0
3.7
0.5
1.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
Cotton, Maize, Soybean
Soybean, Maize, Cotton
Canola, Maize, Soybean
Soybean
Cotton
Maize, Soybean, Cotton
Soybean, Maize
Maize
Cotton, Soybean

22. WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN HORSE AND SNAIL
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN HORSE AND SNAIL??? WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN GRASSHOPPER AND RICE??? WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE AND THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN SALMONELLA AND PINE TREE???

23. ORGANISM GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA) ORGAN SYSTEM
TISSUE
CELL
ORGANELLES (MITOCHONDRIA, VACUOLE, GOLGI BODY, NUCLEUS, ETC.)
GENETIC MATERIAL (DNA)

24. GENETIC MATERIAL
MATERIALS USED FOR TRANSMITTING THE GENETIC INFORMATION FROM AN INDIVIDU INTO ITS OFFSPRING

25. HOW DO THE DNA DETERMINE THE CHARACTER OF LIVING ORGANISM?
DNA TRANSCRIPTION  TRANSLATION  PROTEIN
Character  structure and process in an organism
All processes directed by enzymes
Enzyme  the largest part of the protein.

26. WHY A CHARACTER CAN BE ENGINEERED
WHY A CHARACTER CAN BE ENGINEERED?? ……………………………… WHY IS GENETIC ENGINEERING PROSPECTIVE ?? KARENA KESAMAAN STRUKTUR MOLEKUL DNA PADA SEMUA MAKHLUK HIDUP MEMUNGKINKAN REKAYASA (PEMINDAHAN, PENGGANTIAN, PENGURANGAN, PENAMBAHAN) DARI SUMBER DNA YANG BERBEDA

27. Assignment for Each Student
Essay on Reviewing some journals on the application of Plant Biotechnology
Type it using MSWORD : 10 pages minimum, 1.5 spacing, Times New Roman 12”
Save in a directory named as your name and Student Identity Number
Be gathered in next 2 weeks (week 3th)
Will be presented in week 5th

28. Thank You
See you next week