1. Requirements-definition User analysis

2. Today’s objectives More about - Requirement definition stage
Users
Tasks
Environment
Box model | floats

3. Usability Goals | Objectives
Begin with clearly defined goals.
Usability goals and objectives are targets for product usability.
Defined (Goals) in the Plan/Analysis Phase.
Goals typically measured with usability testing.

4. Usability Goals | Objectives
Usability goals include:
measurable behavior and specific criteria
E.g., time-on-task, number of errors, and completion or success rate.
Example: Create a new employee account within 1 minute with no support or documentation.

5. Analysis
User analysis

6. Universal Usability
First step in any web site design process is to gather information about users-who they are, what their goals are-and identify their requirements for working with the site. The research phase is normally the most time-consuming phase of any design project, but that imbalance is due in large part to the fact that the design and evaluation phase moves more rapidly because of the time spent on research.
Source: Lynch & Horton , Universal Usability in the Design Process

7. User-Centered Design Steps
Requirements-definition - client gives developers information about functionality and requirements.
Establish design for the project.
Develop prototypes that reflect the emerging design, using the programming language or development environment.
Submit prototypes to client for feedback and modifications.
Revise prototypes to reflect the client’s changes.
Repeat steps 3 and 5 for additional part of the system.

8. User-Centered Design Requirements-definition
User Analysis: what do you need to know about the users? To get a good interface you have to figure out who is going to use it to do what.
Task Analysis: what are user’s goals and what tasks do they perform to achieve those goals?
Environment analysis: Where is the user going to use the site? What is the user’s environment? What effect does it have on task performance?

9. Target audience
Target audience - group of users that you have identified as critical to the success of your site. (e.g., grade-school children, teens, or retirees).
Or you may be designing for a specific technology, such as mobile devices.

10. Target audience
Target audience may share common interests, but it is unlikely they share access requirements.
Some are experts and others first-time users.
Some a frequent users other are infrequent users.
Some have low or no vision, and others may have mobility or dexterity issues.

11. Target audience
Some may access your site on a laptop, workstation, PDA, and/or cell phone.
Although you may target a certain audience, others will come.

12. Target audience | Example
Site: Audio/stereo equipment retailer
Target audience:
Purchasers of high-end stereo equipment
BUT … a high-end audio (stereo) equipment retailer will likely get visited by novices wanting to purchase equipment for someone.
Design for both high-end purchasers and novices (language, specs, etc).

13. Universal Usability
Two most important issues for usability are the user tasks and [users'] individual characteristics and differences.
User group profiles describe the characteristics of users, the people who use a product.
Source:

14. User group profiles | Characteristics
Demographics
Job responsibilities and tasks
Frequency of use (daily, once per month, once per year)
Hardware (laptop or desktop, processor speed, monitor resolution)
Environment (shared office, private office, shared public terminal)
Software (operating system, browser version)
Computer experience
Web application experience
Task knowledge (how well do they understand the task)

15. User group profiles | Characteristics
More things to think about:
Is your site used daily on the job, or it is used at home for recreation or a hobby?
Is there a specialized vocabulary?
Does your user do the same job all day? Bored?
If for personal use, what is the purpose?
To inform
To entertain
To sell

16. User group profiles | Characteristics
More things to think about:
Novice
Faces a frightening unknown; timid, nervous, in no mood to explore your goodies
Advanced Beginner
Less fear: knows basics; still impatient at having to learn how to do tasks.
Competent Performer
Can diagnose simple problems and can perform a complex series of tasks
Expert
Small group. Can diagnose complex problems. Has a mental model of the application. Not typical users.

17. User group profiles | Characteristics
Know that you may have primary and secondary users
Primary user: person who actively uses site:
Airline reservation clerk
Help desk staff
Secondary user: person served by a primary user:
Airline passenger
Customer who called the support line

18. Example | User Group Profiles
User Group Profiles are created during User Analysis
Example | User Group Profiles

19. How to learn the characteristics…
Sources of information to learn about users:
Observation
Surveys
Interviews
Focus groups
Web analytics (
Field studies

20. How to learn the characteristics…
Other good sources:
Users themselves, preferably in their workplace.
Customer service and technical support. They deal with users as their job.

21. How to learn the characteristics…
Observe a user at a computer lab
Teach a novice how to use
Or teach a seven-year-old anything about computers—if you can find one who knows less than you do.
Observe behavior during task

22. Universal Usability
Accessibility

23. Accessibility applies to all…
Because people with disabilities are potentially members of all user groups, accessibility considerations apply to all user group profiles.
Avoid the pitfall of "we don't have any users with disabilities".

24. Accessibility throughout UCD…
Accessible design techniques fit well into User-Centered Design (UCD) processes.
Accessibility should be considered early and throughout design.

25. Accessibility ensures…
that people with disabilities can use a product.
interfaces are perceivable, operable, and understandable for people with a wide range of abilities.
that products are more usable by people in a wide range of situations.

26. Accessibility standards ensure…
that your product is designed to be accessible.
W3C - Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) standards for websites and web applications (
How to Meet WCAG 2.0

27. Accessibility standards ensure…
Electronic and Information Technology Standards:  An Overview
Dive Into Accessibility

28. Accessibility standards ensure…
How People with Disabilities Use the Web
Introduction to the Screen Reader