1. United States Elections 2015-9-51

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3. Voting qualification and ways to vote Eligibility The eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the constitution and also regulated at state level. The constitution states that suffrage cannot be denied on grounds of race or color, sex or age for citizens 18+. Beyond these basic qualifications, it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility. Some states bar convicted criminals, especially felons, from voting for a fixed period of time or indefinitely. 2015-9-53

4. Voting qualification and ways to vote Registering to vote Registering to vote is the responsibility of individuals in the United States, since voters are not automatically registered to vote once they reach the age of 18. Every state except North Dakota requires that citizens who wish to vote be registered. Some states allow citizens to register to vote on the same day of the election. The National Voter Registration Act of 1993, in an attempt to increase voter turnout, forced state governments to make the voter registration process easier by providing uniform registration services through drivers' license registration centers, disability centers, schools, libraries, and mail-in registration. 2015-9-54

5. Voting qualification and ways to vote Absentee voting Voters unable or unwilling to vote at polling stations on Election Day can vote via absentee ballots. Absentee ballots are most commonly sent and received via the United States Postal Service. Despite their name absentee ballots are often requested and submitted in person. About half of all states and U.S. territories allow "no excuse absentee," where no reason is required to request an absentee ballot. Others require a valid reason, such as infirmity or travel, be given before a voter can participate using an absentee ballot. 2015-9-55

6. Voting qualification and ways to vote Absentee voting has many options (video)video 2015-9-56

7. Voting qualification and ways to vote Mail ballots Mail ballots are similar in many respects to an absentee ballot. However they are used for Mailing Precincts where on Election Day no polling place is opened for a specific precinct. In Oregon, all ballots are delivered through the mail. 2015-9-57

8. Voting qualification and ways to vote Mail ballots 2015-9-58

9. Voting qualification and ways to vote Mail ballots in Colorado (video)video 2015-9-59

10. Voting qualification and ways to vote Early voting Early voting is a formal process where voters can cast their ballots on a voting machine prior to the Election Day. This process is used by Nevada and runs for 14 consecutive days prior to the official Election Day ending on the Friday before the Election Day. Voters who vote early are not able to vote again on Election Day. Early Voting Begins For US Presidential Election (video 1) (video 2)video 1video 2 2015-9-510

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13. Voting qualification and ways to vote Voting machines Voters casting their ballots in polling places record their votes most commonly with optical scan voting machines or DRE voting machines. Voting machine selection is typically done through a state's local election jurisdiction including counties, cities, and townships. Many of these local jurisdictions have changed their voting equipment since 2000 due to the passage of the Help America Vote Act, which allocated funds for the replacement of lever machine and punch card voting equipment for DRE voting machines. 2015-9-513

14. Voting qualification and ways to vote Lever voting machine (video)video write in （另选他人） 2015-9-514

15. Voting qualification and ways to vote Direct-recording voting machines (ATM-like) (video)video 2015-9-515

16. Presidential Election: Primary Introduction United States presidential elections determine who serves as president and vice president of the United States for a four-year term, starting at midday on Inauguration Day, which is January 20 of the year after the election. The elections are conducted by the various states and not by the federal government. The presidential election occurs quadrennially (the count beginning with the year 1792) on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of November. The most recent election occurred on November 4, 2008. 2015-9-516

17. Presidential Election: Primary The presidential election begins with the nominating process of U.S. presidential election, which currently consists of two major parts: a series of presidential primary elections and caucuses held in each state, and the presidential nominating conventions held by each political party in the whole country. The primary elections and caucuses are run by state and local governments. Some states only hold primary elections, some only hold caucuses, and others use a combination of both. These primaries and caucuses are held between January and June before the federal election, with Iowa and New Hampshire traditionally holding the first presidential state caucus and primary, respectively. Iowa Caucus (video) ( 比例代表制 ) ( 人头， 15%)video New Hampshire Primary (Republican: Ron Paul) (video) ( 赢者通吃 )video 2015-9-517

18. Presidential Election: Primary Like the general election, presidential caucuses or primaries select the candidates indirectly. The major political parties officially vote for their presidential candidate at their respective nominating conventions, usually all held in the summer before the federal election. Depending on each state’s law and state’s political party rules, when voters cast ballots for a candidate in a presidential caucus or primary, they may actually be voting to award delegates “bound” to vote for a candidate at the presidential nominating conventions, or they may simply be expressing an opinion that the state party is not bound to follow in selecting delegates to their respective national convention. (Senator Hilary conceded at Democratic National Convention video)video 2015-9-518

19. Presidential Election: general The election of the president and vice president are elected on the same ticket by the Electoral College ( 选举 团 ), whose members are selected from each state; the president and vice president serve four-year terms. These electors are appointed by mechanisms chosen by each state’s legislature. The individual who receives a majority of votes for president will be the president-elect of the United States; and the individual who receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president will be the vice president-elect of the United States. 2015-9-519

20. Presidential Election: general If no presidential candidate receives a majority in the Electoral College, then the president-elect will be selected by a vote of the House of Representatives, with each state receiving a single vote. If no vice presidential candidate receives a majority, then the vice president-elect will be selected by a vote of the Senate. Although rare, these latter scenarios have occurred twice in America’s history; the new House of Representatives chose the president in 1825 (√: John Quincy Adams, X: Andrew Jackson), and the new Senate chose the vice president in 1837 (√: Richard Mentor Johnson; X: Francis Granger). 2015-9-520

21. Presidential Election: general Elections take place on the first Tuesday following the first Monday of November in the Election Year (although in many states early and absentee voting begins several weeks before Election Day). The elections are run by local election boards who ensure the fair and impartial nature of the election and prevent tampering of the results. Voters are required to vote on a ballot where they select the candidate of their choice. The presidential ballot is actually voting “for the electors of a candidate” meaning that the voter is not actually voting for the candidate, but endorsing members of the Electoral College who will, in turn, directly elect the President. How does electoral college work? (video)video 2015-9-521

22. Presidential Election Results OrderElection WinnerOther Major Candidates year 1st1789George Washington John Adams (none) (none) John Jay (none) Robert H. Harrison (none) John Rutledge (none) 2nd1792George Washington John Adams (Federalist) (none) George Clinton (Democratic-Republican) 3rd1796John Adams Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) (Federalist) Thomas Pinckney (Federalist) Aaron Burr (Democratic-Republican) Samuel Adams (Democratic-Republican) Oliver Ellsworth (Federalist) George Clinton (Democratic-Republican) 4th1800Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr (Democratic-Republican) (Democratic-Republican) John Adams (Federalist) Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Federalist) 5th1804Thomas Jefferson Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (Federalist) (Democratic-Republican) 2015-9-522

23. Presidential Election Results OrderElection WinnerOther Major Candidates year 6th1808James MadisonCharles Cotesworth Pinckney (Democratic-Republican) (Federalist) George Clinton (Democratic-Republican) James Monroe (Democratic-Republican) 7th1812James Madison DeWitt Clinton (Federalist) (Democratic-Republican) 8th1816James Monroe Rufus King (Federalist) (Democratic-Republican) 9th1820James Monroe (not opposed) (Democratic-Republican) 10th1824*†John Quincy Adams* Andrew Jackson† (Democratic-Republican) (Democratic-Republican) William H. Crawford (Democratic-Republican) Henry Clay (Democratic-Republican) 2015-9-523

24. Presidential Election Results OrderElection WinnerOther Major Candidates year 11th1828Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams (Democrat) (National Republican) 12th1832Andrew Jackson Henry Clay (National Republican) (Democrat)John Floyd (Nullifier) William Wirt (Anti-Masonic) 13th1836Martin Van Buren William Henry Harrison (Whig) (Democrat) Hugh Lawson White (Whig) Daniel Webster (Whig) Willie Person Mangum (Whig) 14th1840William H. Harrison Martin Van Buren (Democrat) (Whig) 15th1844*James K. Polk* Henry Clay (Whig) (Democrat) James G. Birney (Liberty) 16th1848Zachary Taylor Lewis Cass (Democrat) (Whig) Martin Van Buren (Free Soil) 2015-9-524

25. Presidential Election Results OrderElection WinnerOther Major Candidates year 16th1848Zachary Taylor Lewis Cass (Democrat) (Whig) Martin Van Buren (Free Soil) 17th1852Franklin Pierce Winfield Scott (Whig) (Democrat) John P. Hale (Free Soil) 18th1856*James Buchanan* John C. Frémont (Republican) (Democrat) Millard Fillmore (American Party/Whig) 19th1860*Abraham Lincoln* John C. Breckinridge (Republican)(Southern Democrat) John Bell (Constitutional Union) Stephen A. Douglas (Northern Democrat) 20th1864Abraham Lincoln George B. McClellan (Democrat) (National Union Party) 2015-9-525

26. Presidential Election Results OrderElection WinnerOther Major Candidates year 21st1868Ulysses S. Grant Horatio Seymour (Democrat) (Republican) 22nd1872Ulysses S. Grant Horace Greeley (Democrat/Liberal Republican) (Republican)Thomas A. Hendricks (Democrat) B. Gratz Brown (Democrat/Liberal Republican) 23rd1876*‡Rutherford B. Hayes* Samuel J. Tilden‡ (Democrat) (Republican) 24th1880*James A. Garfield* Winfield Scott Hancock (Democrat) (Republican) James Weaver (Greenback) 25th1884*Grover Cleveland* James G. Blaine (Republican) (Democrat) 2015-9-526

27. Presidential Election Results OrderElection WinnerOther Major Candidates year 26th1888*†Benjamin Harrison* Grover Cleveland† (Democrat) (Republican) Clinton B. Fisk (Prohibition) 27th1892*Grover Cleveland* Benjamin Harrison (Republican) (Democrat) James Weaver (Populist) John Bidwell (Prohibition) 28th1896William McKinley William Jennings Bryan (Democrat/Populist) (Republican) 29th1900William McKinley William Jennings Bryan (Democrat) (Republican) 30th1904Theodore Roosevelt Alton B. Parker (Democrat) (Republican) Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) 2015-9-527

28. Presidential Election Results OrderElection WinnerOther Major Candidates year 31st1908William Howard Taft William Jennings Bryan (Democrat) (Republican) Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) 32nd1912*Woodrow Wilson* Theodore Roosevelt (Bull-Moose) (Democrat) William Howard Taft (Republican) Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) 33rd1916*Woodrow Wilson* Charles Evans Hughes (Republican) (Democrat) Allan L. Benson (Socialist) 34th1920Warren G. Harding James M. Cox (Democrat) (Republican) Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) 35th1924Calvin Coolidge John W. Davis (Democrat) (Republican) Robert M. La Follette, Sr. (Progressive) 2015-9-528

29. Presidential Election Results OrderElection WinnerOther Major Candidates year 36th1928Herbert Hoover Al Smith (Democrat) (Republican) 37th1932Franklin D. Roosevelt Herbert Hoover (Republican) (Democrat)Norman Thomas (Socialist) 38th1936Franklin D. Roosevelt Alf Landon (Republican) (Democrat) 39th1940Franklin D. Roosevelt Wendell Willkie (Republican) (Democrat) 40th1944Franklin D. Roosevelt Thomas E. Dewey (Republican) (Democrat) 2015-9-529

30. Presidential Election Results OrderElection WinnerOther Major Candidates year 41st1948*Harry S Truman* Thomas E. Dewey (Republican) (Democrat) Strom Thurmond (States' Rights Democratic) Henry A. Wallace (Progressive/Labor) 42nd1952Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson (Democrat) (Republican) 43rd1956Dwight D. Eisenhower Adlai Stevenson (Democrat) (Republican) 44th1960*John F. Kennedy* Richard Nixon (Republican) (Democrat) Harry F. Byrd (Democrat) 45th1964Lyndon B. Johnson Barry Goldwater (Republican) (Democrat) 2015-9-530

31. Presidential Election Results OrderElection WinnerOther Major Candidates year 46th1968*Richard Nixon* Hubert Humphrey (Democrat) (Republican) George Wallace (American Independent) 47th1972Richard Nixon George McGovern (Democrat) (Republican) 48th1976Jimmy Carter Gerald Ford (Republican) (Democrat) 49th1980Ronald Reagan Jimmy Carter (Democrat) (Republican) John B. Anderson (none) 50th1984Ronald Reagan Walter Mondale (Democrat) (Republican) 2015-9-531

32. Presidential Election Results OrderElection WinnerOther Major Candidates year 51st1988George H. W. Bush Michael Dukakis (Democrat) (Republican) 52nd1992*Bill Clinton* George H. W. Bush (Republican) (Democrat) Ross Perot (none) 53rd1996*Bill Clinton* Bob Dole (Republican) (Democrat) Ross Perot (Reform) 54th2000*†George W. Bush* Al Gore† (Democrat) (Republican) Ralph Nader (Green) 55th2004George W. Bush John Kerry (Democrat) (Republican) 56th2008 Election in November John McCain (Republican) (NA)Barack Obama (Democrat) 2015-9-532

33. Presidential Election Voter turnout ElectionVoting Age Turnout % Turnout Year PopulationPopulation 2004215,694,000122,295,34556.69% 2000205,815,000105,586,27451.31% 1996196,511,00096,456,34549.08% 1992189,529,000104,405,15555.09% 1988182,778,00091,594,69350.11% 1984174,466,00092,652,68053.11% 1980164,597,00086,515,22152.56% 1976152,309,19081,555,78953.55% 1972140,776,00077,718,55455.21% 1968120,328,18673,199,99860.83% 1964114,090,00070,644,59260.92% 1960109,159,00068,838,20463.06% 2015-9-533

34. Congressional election Senator elections Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution lists three qualifications for senators: 1.each senator must be at least 30 years old, 2.must have been a citizen of the United States for at least the past nine years, and 3.must be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they seek to represent. Senators serve terms of six years each; the terms are staggered so that approximately one-third of the Senate seats are up for election every two years. The staggering of the terms is arranged such that both seats from a given state are never contested in the same general election except when a mid-term vacancy is being filled. 2015-9-534

35. Congressional election Senator elections Senate elections are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years, Election Day, and coincide with elections for the House of Representatives. Each senator is elected by his or her state as a whole. Generally, a primary election is held first for the Republican and Democratic parties, with the general election following a few months later. Ballot access rules for Independent and minor party candidates vary from State to State. The winner is the candidate who receives a plurality of the popular vote. In some states, runoffs are held if no candidate wins a majority. Once elected, a senator continues to serve until the end of his or her term, death, or resignation. 2015-9-535

36. Congressional election House elections Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution sets forth three qualifications for representatives: 1.each representative must be at least twenty-five years old, 2.must have been a citizen of the United States for the past seven years, and 3.must be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they represent. Representatives and delegates serve for two-year terms. Once elected, a representative continues to serve until the expiry of his term, death, or resignation. 2015-9-536

37. Congressional election House elections The House of Representatives has 435 members, elected for a two year term in single-seat constituencies, which cover the United States. Elections of the House of Representatives are held every two years on the first Tuesday after November 1 in every even-numbered year. Generally, the Republican and Democratic parties choose their candidates for each district in primary elections, which are typically held several months before. The House elections are first-past-the-post elections that elect a Representative from each of 435 House constituencies. Special House elections can occur between if a member dies or resigns during a term. 2015-9-537

38. Congressional election House elections House elections are usually, but not always, correlated with presidential elections. Typically, when a House election occurs in the same year as a presidential election, the party of the presidential winner will gain seats. On the other hand, there is a historical pattern that the incumbent president’s party loses seats in elections that are held in the middle of a presidential term. This may be because the President’s popularity has slipped since election, or because the President’s popularity encouraged supporters to come out to vote for him in the presidential election, but these supporters are less likely to vote when the President is not up for election. 2015-9-538

39. State elections State law and state constitutions, controlled by state legislatures regulate elections at a state level and local level. Various officials at state level are elected. Since the separation of powers applies to states as well as the federal government, state legislatures and the governor are elected separately. Governors and Lieutenant governor are elected in all states, in some states on a joint ticket and in some states separately, some separately in different electoral cycles. In some states, executive positions such as Attorney General and Secretary of State are also elected offices. All members of state legislatures are elected, state senators and state representatives/assembly members. Nebraska’s legislature is unicameral, so only senators are elected. In some states, members of the state supreme court and other members of the state judiciary are elected. Proposals to amend the state constitution are also placed on the ballot in some states. 2015-9-539

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