1. Chapter 12 Designing the Inputs and User Interface

2. SAD/CHAPTER 122 Learning Objectives To become familiar with the various common methods by which end users interact with IS To review the common computer input devices and to explore the newer, more sophisticated input technologies To understand the three basic metaphors for designing human – computer interaction mechanisms

3. SAD/CHAPTER 123 Learning Objectives To understand and be able to apply the basic design guidelines for high quality and usable data entry screens To understand the two categories of input controls, as well as their strengths and limitations

4. SAD/CHAPTER 124 User Interface Methods Command Dialogue Menus Icons and Buttons Input Screens and Forms Natural Language Recognition

5. SAD/CHAPTER 125 Command Dialogue End users initiate all dialogue by issuing instructions to the computer via a structured syntax of command Requires a significant learning curve on the part of the end user

6. SAD/CHAPTER 126 Menus Present the end user with a list of available alternatives Types of menus Single menu approach Hierarchical menu approach Menu bar approach Pop-up menu

7. SAD/CHAPTER 127 Icons and Buttons End user selects and executes commands by pointing and clicking at graphical buttons or icons Easy recognition by end users

8. SAD/CHAPTER 128 Figure 12-2. Iconic Menu Toolbar

9. SAD/CHAPTER 129 Input Screens and Forms Use a screen-based form to get input from users The navigation method should allow the user to move from field to field in a logical, intuitive sequence

10. SAD/CHAPTER 1210 Figure 12-3. Examples of Logical and Counterintuitive Navigation Sequences Proper navigation Poor navigation

11. SAD/CHAPTER 1211 Voice Recognition Uses voice synthesis technology Allows the user to interface with the computer device by using natural language and voice commands Error rate is decreasing in recent years

12. SAD/CHAPTER 1212 Voice Recognition Future development Computer scientists looking for pauses in our voice Speaker independence Understanding of gesture

13. SAD/CHAPTER 1213 Voice Recognition Natural Computing Adapt to natural human interaction skills To interpret vocal command To track movement and gestures

14. SAD/CHAPTER 1214 Common Input Device Punch Card Biometric Input Devices Automatic identification of a person based on his or her physiological or behavioral characteristics Pattern recognition system

15. SAD/CHAPTER 1215 Figure 12-4. Examples of Biometric Input Devices

16. SAD/CHAPTER 1216 Common Input Device Optical Input Devices Barcode Provide a simple and easy method of encoding text and numerical information to be read by inexpensive devices A series of parallel, adjacent bars and spaces

17. SAD/CHAPTER 1217 Figure 12-5. Barcode Scanner and Barcode Structure

18. SAD/CHAPTER 1218 Common Input Device Optical Input Devices OMR Optical Mark Reading Uses an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to scan for marks in certain position Used for questionnaires, tests, voter registration, market research

19. SAD/CHAPTER 1219 Figure 12-6. Optical Mark Reader Scan Sheet and Auto-Scanner Skunk Marks Data Scanning

20. SAD/CHAPTER 1220 Common Input Device Optical Input Devices OCR Optical Character Recognition Scan virtually any form or document containing numbers, letters, or marks

21. SAD/CHAPTER 1221 Figure 12-7. Smart Card Technology

22. SAD/CHAPTER 1222 Common Input Device Smart Card A plastic card embedded with an integrated circuit chip Used for payment processing, identification, network computing, health care management

23. SAD/CHAPTER 1223 Guidelines for Input and Interface Design HCI Metaphors Desktop or direct manipulation Document Dialogue

24. SAD/CHAPTER 1224 The Desktop Metaphor Build on the common set of activities and organizational schemes associated with a common desktop Create an electronic desktop that provides all of the flexibility and advantages of a physical desktop

25. SAD/CHAPTER 1225 Figure 12-8. Example of Electronic Desktop Metaphor

26. SAD/CHAPTER 1226 The Document Metaphor The end user interacts with the computer by browsing through, or entering data in electronic documents and forms

27. SAD/CHAPTER 1227 The Document Metaphor Hypermedia Links graphics, video, and audio together in a manner that allows the users to easily navigate between the documents Hyperlinks bear a strong resemblance to reference in paper documents Filling in forms on web pages is reminiscent of filling in paper forms

28. SAD/CHAPTER 1228 The Document Metaphor Disadvantages of desktops Do not provide mobility Are not spatial Vary in software Reading machines Encapsulate the physical aspects we are accustomed to when reading from a hard copy

29. SAD/CHAPTER 1229 The Dialogue Metaphor Attempt to create an electronic version of a conversation using natural language Electronic Personal Assistant

30. SAD/CHAPTER 1230 Data Entry Issue Consistency The methods and functions available on one data entry screen should be consistently applied to all entry screens

31. SAD/CHAPTER 1231 Data Entry Issue Standardized Interface Learning curve for an end user is significantly reduced The probability of data entry error across screens is reduced

32. SAD/CHAPTER 1232 Table 12-1. Common Data Entry Screen Functions

33. SAD/CHAPTER 1233 Table 12-2. Guidelines for Effective Input Screen Design

34. SAD/CHAPTER 1234 Data Entry Screen Characteristics Determine default value when appropriate Include context-sensitive help Pop-up help, hotspots, tool tips, etc.

35. SAD/CHAPTER 1235 Figure 12-10. Examples of Context-Sensitive Help Mechanisms Tooltip Hotspot Popup

36. SAD/CHAPTER 1236 Providing User Feedback System Status Feedback Users needs to be reassured that the intended process is successfully executing Users need some indication of the estimated length of time for the process to execute or complete System status indicator

37. SAD/CHAPTER 1237 Figure 12-11. End User Feedback Using Both Text and Graphics

38. SAD/CHAPTER 1238 Providing User Feedback User prompts The designer needs to communicate information to the user in the form of a statement or a selection that is related to either a process in progress or a possible error condition in effect

39. SAD/CHAPTER 1239 Figure 12-12. Dialog Box Examples

40. SAD/CHAPTER 1240 Dialogue Design Usability Assessment Used to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of the various interface structures and components of the application Surveys, questionnaires, focus groups, field observation

41. SAD/CHAPTER 1241 Table 12-3. Guidelines for the Design of Effective HCI Dialogues

42. SAD/CHAPTER 1242 Designing the Input Controls Intended to ensure that the data input to the system are both accurate and valid to the highest degree possible Access Control Data Control

43. SAD/CHAPTER 1243 Designing the Input Controls Data Control Appending error Truncation error Transcription error Transposition error Design Control Mechanism Table 12-4

44. SAD/CHAPTER 1244 Table 12-4. Input Validation Control Mechanisms

45. SAD/CHAPTER 1245 Table 12-5. Check Digit Calculation Method

46. SAD/CHAPTER 1246 Designing the Input Controls Access Control Authentic Mechanism Authorization Schema Encryption Mechanism - End -

47. SAD/CHAPTER 1247 Chapter Summary This and the previous chapter provided a detailed overview of the design and control issues on system input and output. With these two tasks complete, the system is well on its way to completion and implementation.

48. Chapter 12 End of Chapter