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Endo 2 - Linking nerves and hormones
An introduction to neuroendocrinology Historical perspectives Neurosecretory cells Embryology of the pituitary gland Anatomy and blood supply of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis Hormones of the posterior pituitary gland Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland Control of hormone secretions
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NEUROENDOCRINE INTEGRATION
NERVES HORMONES EFFECTOR ORGANS
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The hypothalamic-pituitary axis
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Historical Persepctives
130 A.D. Galen: pituitary gland ‘phlegmatic glandule’ secreting waste products (pituita) into the nose 1838 Rathke (viz Rathke’s pouch): development of the pituitary gland 1886 Pierre Marie: acromegaly associated with enlarged pituitary gland 1909 Harvey William Cushing: described the symptoms associated with hypo- and hyper- pituitarism
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Phlegmatic glandule
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Development of pituitary gland - Rathke (1838)
Rathke’s pouch
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Pierre Marie (1886) enlarged pituitary gland associated with acromegaly
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Brain-pituitary connections
1930’s Bargmann and the Scharrers: histological studies identified neurosecretory cells in brain projecting to the posterior pituitary 1930 Popa & Fielding: identified hypophyseal portal veins capillaries. Dispute as to direction of blood flow 1950’s Geoffrey Harris: established neurohumoral control of anterior pituitary gland 1969 Guilleman & Schally: identified structure of TRH 1970’s The decade of neuropeptides 1980’s Gene sequencing.
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Brain-pituitary connections
1930’s Bargmann and the Scharrers: histological studies identified neurosecretory cells in brain projecting to the posterior pituitary 1930 Popa & Fielding: identified hypophyseal portal veins capillaries. Dispute as to direction of blood flow 1950’s Geoffrey Harris: established neurohumoral control of anterior pituitary gland 1969 Guilleman & Schally: identified structure of TRH 1970’s The decade of neuropeptides 1980’s Gene sequencing.
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DEFINING HORMONES ENDOCRINE NEUROENDOCRINE PARACRINE AUTOCRINE
INTRACRINE Active hormone INTRACRINE Circulating hormone
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Transduction of nervous signal into an endocrine signal
Neurosecretory cell Transduction of nervous signal into an endocrine signal
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Classical neurosecretory neurones
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla Magnocellular neurones (SON & PVN) projecting to the posterior pituitary gland Parvicellular neurones projecting to the hypophyseal portal capillaries
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Neurosecretory cells (A) and sympathetic innervation of endocrine glands (B)
Magnocellular Parvicellular C ANTERIOR PITUITARY
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Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
Parvicellular neurones Magnocellular neurones Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus
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Embryology of the pituitary gland
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Gross anatomy of the pituitary gland
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Hypothalamic nuclei
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Aminergic and serotonergic pathways of the brain
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Blood supply of the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis
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Blood supply of the median eminence and pituitary gland
Internal carotid artery Superior hypophyseal artery Portal veins Hypophyseal veins Hypophyseal veins Inferior hypophyseal artery
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Venous drainage of the pituitary gland
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Neurones in the hypothalamus synthesise and release hormones from the posterior pituitary
Other neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus release their hormones into the portal capillaries in which they are transported directly to endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary gland LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH, PRL, GH Oxytocin, vasopressin
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Structure of oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH
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Control of posterior pituitary hormones
Oxytocin Cervix/uterus uterine contractions Nipples milk ejection (neuroendocrine reflex) Vasopressin (ADH) Osmoreceptors/ volume receptors permeability of collecting ducts (V2 receptors) Vasoconstriction (V1 receptors)
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Control of vasopressin release and its actions
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Control of anterior pituitary secretions
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone – ACTH CRH Thyroid stimulating hormone – TSH TRH GHIH (somatostatin) Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone - LH & FSH GnRH Prolactin – PRL dopamine (dominant control) TRH/others Growth hormone – GH GHRH GHIH (somatostatin)
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Feedback control of the H-P axis
External stimuli HYPOTHALAMUS Feed back PITUITARY GLAND EFFECTOR ORGAN
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Factors controlling the release of growth hormone and prolactin and feedback control
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Factors controlling the secretion of TSH and feedback control
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Factors controlling the secretion of ACTH and feedback control
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Hypopituitary patient resulting from a tumour
Note loss of secondary sexual characteristics
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