1. Understanding Independence: The Declaration of Independence and its legacy

2. The Declaration of Independence “We hold these Truths to be self- evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.”

3. What was “independence”? Who was “independent”? Who was “equal”?

4. What was “independence”? Goals for today: Show how “independence” and “equality” changed in meaning during last 200 years

5. What was “independence”? Goals for today: Show how different groups of Americans made claims to “independence” and “equality” using the Declaration of Independence

6. What was “independence”? Groups Examined: 1)Ordinary white men 2)Slaves/African Americans 3)Women

7. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation

8. Revolutionary-era Americans had very specific ideas of who was “independent” and “equal” when it came to citizenship and political rights

9. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Ideas came from European debates about ideology of “republicanism”

10. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation What was republicanism?

11. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Republicanism was a set of ideas about what it took to create a healthy republic

12. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Republicanism was a set of ideas about what it took to create a healthy republic Based on lessons of failed past republics (Greek, Roman)

13. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Why had past republics failed?

14. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Why had past republics failed? Concentrations of wealth and political power

15. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Healthy republic required citizens to be politically equal and independent

16. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Healthy republic required citizens to be politically equal and independent BUT: to be politically “independent” one had to be economically “independent”

17. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation What did it mean to be economically independent?

18. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation What did it mean to be economically independent? Own property and especially LAND

19. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Who was NOT economically independent (“dependent”)?

20. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Who was NOT economically independent (“dependent”)? Children, women, slaves, men without land and property

21. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Dependents considered a threat to the republic: they would vote as parents, owners, husbands, employers, etc. directed

22. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Would lead to corruption: wealthy men dominating politics through control of dependents

23. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation In colonial period, voting rights linked to land ownership (property)

24. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation In colonial period, voting rights linked to land ownership (property) 2/3 to 3/4 of white families owned land

25. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation In colonial period, voting rights linked to land ownership (property) 2/3 to 3/4 of white families owned land 50-75% of adult white males could vote

26. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation New Revolutionary governments continued linking citizenship and voting rights to economic independence

27. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Wealth standard for voters, even higher standard for political leaders

28. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Property requirements for office holding

29. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Property requirements for office holding In many new states, only wealthiest 10 percent could hold office

30. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Property requirements for voting

31. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Property requirements for voting Lower requirements than colonial period, so expanded voting

32. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Property requirements for voting Lower requirements than colonial period, so expanded voting PA dropped property requirements altogether

33. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Most white men could vote

34. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Most white men could vote Black male property owners could vote in most northern states

35. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation Most white men could vote Black male property owners could vote in most northern states Single women/ widows with enough property could vote in NJ

36. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation The disenfranchised: Propertyless white men

37. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation The disenfranchised: Propertyless white men All slaves

38. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation The disenfranchised: Propertyless white men All slaves Most Free Blacks

39. “Independence” for Revolutionary Generation The disenfranchised: Propertyless white men All slaves Most Free Blacks Nearly all women

40. C19: White Man’s Democracy

41. In Jacksonian period, “independence” changed:

42. C19: White Man’s Democracy Now to be independent, one had to be a white man

43. C19: White Man’s Democracy White men used Declaration of Independence as a way to claim equality among white men regardless of wealth

44. C19: White Man’s Democracy New push was related, in part, to the growing wealth inequality of the 19 th century in countryside and cities with industrialization and the rise of capitalism

45. C19: White Man’s Democracy In many places, a majority of white men were landless (even on the frontier)

46. C19: White Man’s Democracy Led to universal white manhood suffrage

47. C19: White Man’s Democracy Led to universal white manhood suffrage Elimination of property requirements to vote in most states

48. C19: White Man’s Democracy At the same time, state constitutions were rewritten to bar voting by everyone who was not a white man

49. C19: White Man’s Democracy New Jersey eliminated voting for propertied single women and widows Other states rewrote constitutions to specify only men could vote (even though women never had voted)

50. C19: White Man’s Democracy Constitutions banned Black voters

51. C19: White Man’s Democracy By 1840, 93 percent of free northern black adult males could not vote

52. C19: White Man’s Democracy By 1858, free blacks were eligible to vote in just four northern states: NH, ME, MA, and VT (small black populations)

53. C19: White Man’s Democracy At the same time, states and cities passed segregation and vagrancy laws to make free Blacks less independent New western states tried to ban Black in-migration

54. C19: White Man’s Democracy Declaration was also used by White farmers and workers to express their grievances over growing inequality

55. C19: White Man’s Democracy Raised idea of economic independence and economic equality as important to saving the democratic republic

56. C19: White Man’s Democracy Used against land speculators, landlords, bankers, manufacturers/factory owners, railroad companies

57. African Americans and the Declaration

58. The Declaration was used by African Americans as a weapon against slavery and to gain rights for free Blacks

59. African Americans and the Declaration Before Emancipation Proclamation, most African Americans refused to celebrate July 4 th : celebrated July 5 th as a protest against slavery

60. African Americans and the Declaration Peter Osbourne, July 5, 1832: “Fellow Citizens—On account of the misfortune of our color, our fourth of July comes on the fifth; but I hope and trust that when the Declaration of Independence is fully executed which declares that all men, without respect to person, were born free and equal, we may then have our fourth of July on the fourth.”

61. African Americans and the Declaration Declaration frequently invoked by abolitionists pushing for an end to slavery.

62. African Americans and the Declaration Frederick Douglass, 1846: “I do speak against an American institution—that institution is American slavery. But I love the Declaration of Independence, I believe it contains a true doctrine—"that all men are born equal." It is, however, because they do not carry out this principle that I am here to speak.”

63. African Americans and the Declaration Declaration also used to demonstrate hypocrisy of “all men are created equal” for segregation, voting rights, employment discrimination, etc

64. African Americans and the Declaration Black Americans used it frequently in the 19 th -20 th century

65. African Americans and the Declaration One of the ways of trying to rally white support during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 60s

66. African Americans and the Declaration MLK, “I have a dream” speech: “When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men - yes, black men as well as white men - would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned.”

67. Women and the Declaration Women tied the Declaration of Independence to push for “independence” and “equality”

68. Women and the Declaration First clear attempt was Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

69. Women and the Declaration “Declaration of Sentiments”: “We hold these truths to be self- evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happines”

70. Women and the Declaration “Declaration of Sentiments”: Modeled on Declaration of Independence but substituted tyranny of men for the king

71. Women and the Declaration “Declaration of Sentiments”: “The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her.”

72. Women and the Declaration Suffragists of late 19 th and early 20 th century also relied on Declaration

73. Women and the Declaration Declaration of the Rights of Women by National Woman Suffrage Association, July 4, 1876 Susan B. Anthony

74. Women and the Declaration Declaration of the Rights of Women “And now, at the close of a hundred years, as the hour hand of the great clock that marks the centuries points to 1876, we declare our faith in the principles of self- government; our full equality with man in natural rights; that woman was made first for her own happiness, with the absolute right to herself—to all the opportunities and advantages life affords, for her complete development; and we deny that dogma of the centuries, incorporated in the codes of all nations—that woman was made for man—her best interests, in all cases, to be sacrificed to his will.”