1. BIOLOGY 30 The Endocrine System

2. COMPARISON OF NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 2 Long lasting Lasts a short while Slow acting Fast acting Hormones travel through blood to their target Direct cell to cell communication Produceshormones Produces neurotransmitters Endocrine System Nervous System

3. GENERAL THINGS TO KNOW  Endocrine = Hormone System  Hormones are chemicals produced in minute amounts  All hormones in body together weigh less than 5 ounces. 3

4. GENERAL THINGS TO KNOW  Control the slow processes in our bodies  Rate of growth  Metabolism  Development before birth  Pregnancy, birth process, lactation  Initiation of puberty & sexual maturity  Storing & breakdown of food  Maintaining water & mineral levels 4

5. GENERAL THINGS TO KNOW  Hormones are chemical messengers  Produced in a gland  Travel through the blood stream  Act on a “target” cell.  Hormones are created in glands called ENDOCRINE glands (“ductless glands”)  Because the glands secrete into the blood stream, not into a body cavity (exocrine). 5

6. TYPES OF HORMONES 1. Local Hormones Not typical hormones Act immediately on area near secretion Action is local and rapid Example = histamines  Released by tissues when affected by a foreign substance… pollen…  Increases blood flow and fluid leaks into tissues  Inflammation, redness, swelling 6

7. TYPES OF HORMONES 2. Circulating Hormones Typical Produced by endocrine glands Travel through blood To target cell Combine with receptor on or in the target cell  Receptor site is either on the membrane or in cytoplasm  Initiates a change in the target cell 7

8. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF HORMONES We are concerned with 2 types 1. Protein or Peptide Hormones Made up of peptide chains or long proteins Water soluble / lipid insoluble Cannot cross phospholipid bilayer Includes hormones from 1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary 3. Pancreas 8

9. 2. Steroid Hormones Chemically related to cholesterol Water insoluble / lipid soluble Can pass right through the cell membrane Includes  Sex hormones  Thyroxin  Hormones from the adrenal cortex 9 Chemical Structure of Hormones

10. ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT  Identify the following endocrine glands on a diagram of a human 10 Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus Pineal Gland ThyroidParathyroidTestesOvaries Adrenal Glands PancreasThymus

13. LET’S ZOOM IN ON THE HEAD.

15. ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM  Hypothalamus  hormones produced here are secreted into the blood through the posterior pituitary. 15

17. SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 17 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Posterior Pituitary

18. SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 18 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Posterior Pituitary

19. SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 19 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Posterior Pituitary

20. SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 20 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Posterior Pituitary

21. SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 21 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion Uterine contraction, milk secretion Posterior Pituitary

22. SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 22 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion Uterine contraction, milk secretion Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Posterior Pituitary

23. SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 23 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion Uterine contraction, milk secretion Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) ADH Posterior Pituitary

24. SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 24 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion Uterine contraction, milk secretion Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) ADHKidney Posterior Pituitary

25. SOURCE = HYPOTHALAMUS 25 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) Oxytocin Uterus, Mammary Uterine contraction, milk secretion Uterine contraction, milk secretion Hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary) ADHKidney Water reabsorption Posterior Pituitary

26. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 26 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary

28. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 28 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin)

29. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 29 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General

30. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 30 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth Stimulates body growth

31. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 31 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth Stimulates body growth Ant. Pituitary

32. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 32 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth Stimulates body growth Ant. Pituitary Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

33. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 33 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth Stimulates body growth Ant. Pituitary Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Thyroid

34. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 34 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Growth Hormone (somatotropin) General Stimulates body growth Stimulates body growth Ant. Pituitary Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Thyroid Stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid

35. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 35 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary

36. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 36 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH

37. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 37 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex

38. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 38 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release

39. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 39 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release Cortisol Ant. Pituitary

40. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 40 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release Cortisol Ant. Pituitary Prolactin

41. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 41 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release Cortisol Ant. Pituitary ProlactinMammary

42. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 42 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Adreno- corticotropic Hormone ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates “Stress” Hormone Release Cortisol Ant. Pituitary ProlactinMammary Milk production & Secretion

43. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 43 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary

44. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 44 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH

45. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 45 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes

46. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 46 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm

47. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 47 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Ant. Pituitary

48. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 48 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Ant. Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone LH

49. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 49 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Ant. Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone LH Ovary & Testes

50. SOURCE = ANTERIOR PITUITARY 50 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ant. Pituitary Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH Ovary & Testes Growth of ovarian follicle, Production of Sperm Ant. Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone LH Ovary & Testes Stimulates ovulation, production of testosterone

53. SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND 53 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pineal Gland

54. SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND 54 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pineal Gland Melatonin

55. SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND 55 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pineal Gland MelatoninGeneral

56. SOURCE = PINEAL GLAND 56 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pineal Gland MelatoninGeneralBiorhythms (sleep vs. wake) (summer vs. winter) Length of days

58. SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 58 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland

59. SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 59 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland Thyroxin

60. SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 60 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland ThyroxinGeneral

61. SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 61 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland ThyroxinGeneral Stimulates metabolism, growth, development

62. 62

63. SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 63 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland

64. SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 64 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland Calcitonin

65. SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 65 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland CalcitoninBone

66. SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 66 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland CalcitoninBone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown

67. SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 67 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland CalcitoninBone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Gland

68. SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 68 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland CalcitoninBone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Hormone

69. SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 69 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland CalcitoninBone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Hormone Bone

70. SOURCE = THYROID GLAND 70 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Thyroid Gland CalcitoninBone Lowers calcium levels by inhibiting bone breakdown Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Hormone Bone Raises calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown

73. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 73 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex

74. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 74 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone

75. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 75 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex AldosteroneKidney

76. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 76 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex AldosteroneKidney Reabsorbs sodium and water

77. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 77 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex AldosteroneKidney Reabsorbs sodium and water Adrenal Cortex

78. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 78 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex AldosteroneKidney Reabsorbs sodium and water Adrenal Cortex Cortisol

79. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 79 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex AldosteroneKidney Reabsorbs sodium and water Adrenal Cortex CortisolGeneral

80. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 80 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Cortex AldosteroneKidney Reabsorbs sodium and water Adrenal Cortex CortisolGeneralStimulates Glucose Release Long term stress

81. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 81 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla

83. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 83 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin)

84. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 84 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle

85. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 85 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress

86. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 86 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress Adrenal Medulla

87. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 87 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress Adrenal Medulla Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

88. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 88 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress Adrenal Medulla Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) General Heart

89. SOURCE = ADRENAL GLANDS 89 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine(Adrenalin) Liver & Muscle Stimulates Glucose release Short term stress Adrenal Medulla Norepinephrine (noradrenalin) General Heart Constrict Blood Vessels Increase Heart Rate

91. SOURCE = PANCREAS 91 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans

92. SOURCE = PANCREAS 92 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans Insulin

93. SOURCE = PANCREAS 93 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans InsulinGeneral

94. SOURCE = PANCREAS 94 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans InsulinGeneral Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells

95. SOURCE = PANCREAS 95 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans InsulinGeneral Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans

96. SOURCE = PANCREAS 96 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans InsulinGeneral Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans Glucagon

97. SOURCE = PANCREAS 97 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans InsulinGeneral Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans Glucagon Liver & Fatty Tissue

98. SOURCE = PANCREAS 98 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Pancreas Beta Cells of Islets of Langerhans InsulinGeneral Lowers blood glucose levels Stimulates uptake of glucose into cells Pancreas Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhans Glucagon Liver & Fatty Tissue Raises blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to convert glycogen back into glucose

99. SOURCE = OVARY 99 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Ovary

101. SOURCE = OVARY 101 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogen

102. SOURCE = OVARY 102 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogenGeneralUterus

103. SOURCE = OVARY 103 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogenGeneralUterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining

104. SOURCE = OVARY 104 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogenGeneralUterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining Ovary

105. SOURCE = OVARY 105 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogenGeneralUterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining OvaryProgesterone

106. SOURCE = OVARY 106 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogenGeneralUterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining OvaryProgesteroneUterus

107. SOURCE = OVARY 107 SourceHormoneTargetEffect OvaryEstrogenGeneralUterus Develop & Maintain secondary female characteristics Growth of uterine lining OvaryProgesteroneUterus Promotes continued growth of uterine lining

108. SOURCE = TESTES 108 SourceHormoneTargetEffect Testes

110. SOURCE = TESTES 110 SourceHormoneTargetEffect TestesTestosterone

111. SOURCE = TESTES 111 SourceHormoneTargetEffect TestesTestosterone General & Reprod- uctive Structures

112. SOURCE = TESTES 112 SourceHormoneTargetEffect TestesTestosterone General & Reprod- uctive Structures Develop & Maintain secondary male characteristics Promotes spermatogenesis

113. VIDEO TUTORIALS ON HORMONES AND GLANDS Teacher Video Crash Course Video

114. NOW THAT YOU KNOW WHAT THEY ARE… Let’s find out how and when they are produced and how the system can be shut off when things are fine.

115. HORMONES & FEEDBACK  Hormone levels are regulated through a process called negative feedback  When the brain detects an inappropriate level of a certain hormone, it will do things to fix the problem.  When the problem is solved, the brain stops trying to fix it.  Let’s look at an example. 115

116. HORMONES & FEEDBACK  When insufficient levels of thyroxin in body… 1. the pituitary releases TSH 2. Thyroid then produces Thyroxin 3. Soon thyroxin levels are high enough for pituitary to stop releasing TSH. 4. As a result, thyroxin release stops. 116

117. HORMONES & FEEDBACK

122. A DIPLOMA EXAM DIAGRAM 122

123. HORMONAL CONTROL ASSIGNMENT  Using your textbook and class notes, describe each the following disorders by 1. indicating the symptoms 2. identifying the hormones involved 3. identifying if this hormone is in hypersecretion or hyposecretion. 123 1. hypothyroidism 2. hyperthyroidism 3. goiter 4. diabetes mellitus 5. gigantism 6. dwarfism 7. acromegaly