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Policy of International Trade in Services Chapter Four
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Learning objective: ※ the evolution of ITS policy; ※ the laws on which it is based; ※ the applications; ※ the different characteristics of from to policy development liberalization protectionism
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1. Evolution of trade policy in services (服务贸易政策演变) Ⅱ world war by 1990s Features: complex,diverse,uncertain,subjective,arbitrary ① transport, ② remittances, ③ other banking services, ect. ① tele, ② computer software, ③ information, ④ superhighway, ⑤ multimedia, ⑥ technology, ⑦ intellectual proterty right, ⑧ life-style-related services, etc.
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2. Policy of trade liberalization in services 自由服务贸易政策 2.1 Trade liberalization and economic efficiency 自由贸易与经济效率 ※ boosts productivity growth ※ controversy : Trade liberalization and economic efficiency 自由贸易与经济效率 Theory of new growth 新增长理论 Relation between productivity increase and liberalization 生产力的提高与自由贸易 的关系 Relative theory in services 服务的相关理论
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barrier dismantled wider range firm participation Macroeconomic stability liberalization productivity increasing
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2.2 Welfare analysis of liberalization of trade in services (服务贸易自由化的福利分析) walfare analysis comparative advangtage theory comsumer surplusproducer surplus
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2.3 Policy selection of liberalization of trade in services 服务贸易自由化的政策选择 Macro impact 宏观影 响 : ※ national security ※ national competitiveness six basic elements: capitalproductsmarket technology resourcemanagement
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Policy orientation 政策取向 ( developed countries) (1) to open their commodity market as the conditions for developing countries to open their services markets; (2) for the same level of development of the country or region, they need to open their markets to each other; commodity marketservice market
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Policy orientation 政策取向 ( developing countries) Mixed, progressive liberalization of services trade development strategy is taken as the option for developing countries. 1 step gradually relax control of the domestic services market; 2 step the gradual opening up of their merchandise trade market, lowering commodity tariffs; 3 step gradually open service market, reduce service products in the field of non-tariff barriers; 4 step gradually open elements market of services, reduce tariffs on trade in services and tangible non-tariff barriers;
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3. Policy of protecting trade in services 保护服务贸易政策 3.1 Trade in services barriers and types 服务贸易壁垒及类型 3.1.1 Cause of barriers to services trade 服务贸易壁垒产生的原因 the source of micro-economics, which is the main basis for the government to implement interference with the natural monopoly, asymmetric information and economic externalities; the consideration for their economic independence; political and cultural considerations.
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Types of trade barriers in services: marketing permittion, national treatment Product moving barriers 产品移动壁垒 Barriers to capital mobility 资本移动壁垒 Personnel movement barriers 人员移动壁垒 The right of establishment business barriers 开业权壁垒 tradebarrierstypetradebarrierstype
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※ Product moving barriers 产品移动壁垒 ※ Barriers to capital mobility 资 本移动壁垒 number limitation tax system government procurment discriminator y techniqual standard local requirment government subsides, incomplete intetectual property protection system foreign exchange control, floating exchange rate, export restrictions on investment income
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※ The right of establishment business barriers 开业权壁垒 regulations on foreign producers rights
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※ Personnel movement barriers 人员移动壁垒 homeland foreign countries restriction
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3.2 Measure of trade in services protection level 服务贸易保护程度的衡量 # NRP ( 名义保护率 ) : # Effective protection rate (ERP) (有效保 护率) : # Producer subsidy equivalent (PSE) ( 生产者 补贴等值 ) domestic prices- import prices ——————————————— ×100% import prices Value-added domestic processing- Import value-added processing _____________________________________________________ × 100% Import value-added processing
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3.3 Comparison and selection of protective policy of trade in services (服务贸易保护政策的比较与选择) # Tariff, subsidy and quota(policy sequence ) output subsides>tariff ≧ quota # Import restrictions, opening barriers and control(policy sequence ) (进口限制、开业障碍和管制) control>Import restrictions ≧ opening power Rational Choice: combination of direct subsides and control measures
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conclusion 1 、 Like goods trade, there are two different policy in the field of trade in services: liberalization protectionism 2 、※ microcosmic-effect: economic effectiveness, rational allocation, resources saving, wealfare level increase ※ macroscopic-effect: national security, national competition
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3 、 different policy choices: dev-ed countries dev-ing countries: dev-ed countries: mutual open service market deveoping countries dev-ing countries: hibrid,step liberalization service goods
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product movement capital movement producer establishment human movement 4 、 trade barriers in services
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5 、 Measure of trade in services protection level Nominal rate of protection (NRP) Effective protection rate (ERP) Producer subsidy equivalent (PSE)
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6 、 Protective policy of trade in services : tarrif effectiveness based on the size of different countries. policy tarrif non-tarrif government control import restriction subsides quota
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7 、 rational choice output sibsides tarrifquota control import restriction opening power
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Home work 1 、 What is the policy orientation of China ’ s trade in services ? 2 、 What does China ’ s choice in policy of trade in services rely on ? 3 、 How do you express welfare analysis of policy on liberalization of trade in services?
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