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2. NextPrevious 2 “ وقل رب زدنى علماً ”

3. NextPrevious 3 Teletraffic Analysis of the Next-generation Integrated Terrestrial/satellite Mobile Radio Networks By: Waleed Eid Al-Hanafy Waleed Eid Al-Hanafy B.Sc., Electrical Communications Engineering SUPERVISORS: Sami Dr. Sami A. El-Dolil Assoc. Prof., Menoufia University, Faculty of Electronic Engineering Mostafa Dr. Mostafa A. Nofal Assoc. Prof., Menoufia University, Faculty of Electronic Engineering

4. NextPrevious 4 Objective of the Thesis ¥ Investigation of the integration between terrestrial mobile systems and satellite networks.  Implementation of integrated space/terrestrial cellular model with different handoff priority schemes for global mobile communications. ¥ Mixing data and voice services over the proposed global model.

5. NextPrevious 5 OVERVIEW OF MOBILE RADIO SYSTEMS

6. NextPrevious 6 First generation Second generation - Analog techniques (TACS, AMPS, JMPS, NMT) - Limited capacity - Digital technology (GSM, DECT, CT2, ERMES) - Increased system capacity and introduced more service features - Improved system quality and significant reduction in system cost Evolution of mobile communication systems

7. NextPrevious 7 Third generation - Multimedia applications features - Trend towards globalization (communications anywhere-anytime) - Provide personal services independently of the kind of network access (PSTN, cellular, satellite, etc.) The role of satellite - Complements terrestrial coverage areas, e.g., coverage of ships, aircraft and users in rural areas (maritime and aeronautical services) - It is crucial to support the global roaming feature - The main problem in satellite system design is the efficient use of two critical satellite resources (bandwidth and power)

8. NextPrevious 8 Integration between terrestrial and satellite systems

9. NextPrevious 9 Design concepts of cellular mobile radio systems: 1- Frequency reuse K=7 It is the basic idea of the cellular concept

10. NextPrevious 10 The frequency reuse ratio The carrier-to-interference ratio D R

11. NextPrevious 11 2-Cell splitting

12. NextPrevious 12 3-Sectorization and trunking efficiency Sectorizing a cell produces two effects: Second, reduces trunking efficiency First, reduces cochannel interference (i. e., improved the C/I ratio) With C/I ratio of at least 17 dB, an omnidirectional system requires K =7, a three-sector system requires K =4, and a six-sector system requires K =3

13. NextPrevious 13 Space-based systems  Satellite orbits - Inclined orbit - Geosynchronous orbit - Elliptical orbit  Satellite altitude - MEO - LEO - GEO

14. NextPrevious 14 GEO Vs LEO - 240-270ms for one-way propagation delay - Lack of coverage at far northern and southern latitudes (unachievable required elevation angles “ >40° ” even at latitudes as close to the equator as 45°) - Spacecraft design constraints such as antenna size Van Allen radiation belts ranging from about 1,500 to 5,000 km and from 13,000 to 20,000 km GEO disadvantages: Orbit choice limitations:

15. NextPrevious 15 Satellite constellations - Orbital altitude - Minimum elevation angle

16. NextPrevious 16 The satellite altitude Vs radius of the earth coverage

17. NextPrevious 17 The coverage surface area Vs satellite altitude

18. NextPrevious 18 Mobile radio channel characteristics Where, m(t) is called local mean, also called slow fading, long-term fading, or log-normal fading The factor r 0 is called multipath fading, short-term fading, or Rayleigh fading Satellite communication Short line-of-sight radio links 20 dB/decade path-loss slope Free space propagation model: Mobile propagation model: 40 dB/decade path-loss slope

19. NextPrevious 19 Direct wave path (path clear from the terrain contour) Line-of-sight path (path clear from buildings) Short-term fading Rician fading: Out-of-sight condition Rayleigh fading:

20. NextPrevious 20 The Rayleigh fading

21. NextPrevious 21 MOBILITY MANAGEMENT IN MULTILAYERED SYSTEMS

22. NextPrevious 22 Global system design criteria : Global coverage Different user’s densities Handoff priority verification LEO or GEO satellite constellations Multilayered system Different H.O schemes

23. NextPrevious 23 Reserved channel scheme N-times retry scheme Queuing scheme Sub-rating scheme

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25. NextPrevious 25 Handoff management ¨ Horizontal handoff ¨ Vertical handoff Handoff between cells in the same layer Handoff between cells in different layers

26. NextPrevious 26 MODELING AN INTEGRATED SPACE/TERRESTRIAL CELLULAR SYSTEM MODELING AN INTEGRATED SPACE/TERRESTRIAL CELLULAR SYSTEM

27. NextPrevious 27 Model description :

28. NextPrevious 28 New call handling Call Blocking Call arrival

29. NextPrevious 29 Handoff call handling Call Forced Termination Call arrival

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34. NextPrevious 34 Performance analysis Microcell level: ¨ Arrival call rates

35. NextPrevious 35 ¨ Channel holding time State-transition diagram

36. NextPrevious 36 Probability of finding j-channels being busy Probability of finding no channel being busy ¨ State-transitions probabilities

37. NextPrevious 37 ¨ Performance measures

38. NextPrevious 38 Macrocell level: ¨ Arrival call rates

39. NextPrevious 39 ¨ Channel holding time State-transition diagram

40. NextPrevious 40 ¨ Performance measures

41. NextPrevious 41 Spotbeam cell level: ¨ Arrival call rates

42. NextPrevious 42 ¨ Channel holding time State-transition diagram

43. NextPrevious 43 ¨ Performance measures

44. NextPrevious 44 Users classification  Terrestrial-only users, who access only the terrestrial subnetwork at the microcell and macrocell layers.  Satellite-only users, with access only to the satellite sub network.  Dual-mode users using dual-mode telephone sets, to enable them to access both the terrestrial and the satellite sub network.

45. NextPrevious 45 Terrestrial-only users The overall blocking and handoff failure probabilities are: The weighted blocking and handoff failure probabilities are:

46. NextPrevious 46 Satellite-only users The overall and weighted blocking probabilities are: The overall and weighted handoff failure probabilities are:

47. NextPrevious 47 Dual-mode users The overall blocking and handoff failure probabilities are: The weighted blocking and handoff failure probabilities are:

48. NextPrevious 48 Forced termination probabilities

49. NextPrevious 49 Noncompleted call probabilities

50. NextPrevious 50 Results and discussion

51. NextPrevious 51 Numerical results R m =1km., R M =5km., R s =70km., C m =10, C M =30, N m =16, N mh =2, N M =32, N Mo =4, N Mh =4, N s =56, N so =7, N sh =7, D um =100 user/km 2, D uM =40 user/km 2, D us =6 user/km 2, T M =120s,, V max 1 =40 km./hr. V max 2 =90 km./hr. V max 3 =120 km./hr.

52. NextPrevious 52 Blocking and handoff failure probabilities

53. NextPrevious 53 Overall blocking and handoff failure probabilities

54. NextPrevious 54 Weighted blocking and handoff failure probabilities

55. NextPrevious 55 Overall forced termination and noncompleted probabilities

56. NextPrevious 56 Effect of sub-rating

57. NextPrevious 57 Effect of RCS and SRS

58. NextPrevious 58 Effect of RCS, SRS, and QPS

59. NextPrevious 59 Effect of varying C m

60. NextPrevious 60 Effect of varying C M

61. NextPrevious 61 Effect of infinite queue and T q

62. NextPrevious 62 MIXING VOICE AND DATA SERVICES (SERVICE INTEGRATION) MIXING VOICE AND DATA SERVICES (SERVICE INTEGRATION)

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64. NextPrevious 64 Numerical results R m =1km., R M =5km., R s =70km., C m =10, C M =30, N m =16, N mh =2, N M =32, N Mo =4, N Mh =4, N s =56, N so =7, N sh =7, D um =100 user/km 2, D uM =40 user/km 2, D us =6 user/km 2, T Mv =120s, T Md =10s, V max 1 =40 km./hr. V max 2 =90 km./hr. V max 3 =120 km./hr. P=5,,

65. NextPrevious 65 Microcell blocking probabilities

66. NextPrevious 66 Macrocell blocking probabilities

67. NextPrevious 67 Spotbeam cell blocking probabilities

68. NextPrevious 68CONCLUSION Satellite systems play an excellent role in global coverage \Satellite systems play an excellent role in global coverage \ To provide wireless connection every where. The next generation future network should provideThe next generation future network should provide global coverage and mixed media services Terrestrial network have limited coverage and may beTerrestrial network have limited coverage and may be economically infeasible. The next generation future network should be an integratedThe next generation future network should be an integrated terrestrial/satellite network.

69. NextPrevious 69 Handling the traffic load in this multilayer network need anHandling the traffic load in this multilayer network need an intelligent protocol architecture. Varieties of handoff priority schemes were proposed inVarieties of handoff priority schemes were proposed in order to improve the performance of the system. The presented analysis will help network designers to The presented analysis will help network designers to implement the future global network based on sound concepts. Both data and voice services are integrated over the Both data and voice services are integrated over the integrated proposed model to handle different user types.

70. NextPrevious 70 FUTUREWORK FUTURE WORK Softwareradio Software radio Software radio is a wireless communications device in which some or all of the physical layer functions are implemented in software

71. NextPrevious 71 Thank You Thank You