1. Space, Big Bang, Galaxies and Stars Review 2013 V3 66 Slides I hope you like it.

2. 1. Astronomy The study of Planets, Stars Galaxies and Nebulae http://www.ceo.wa.edu.au/home/carey.peter/astronomy.jpg

3. 2. Cosmology http://www.wired.com/geekdad/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/carl_sagan.jpg Cosmology is the study of the origin of the universe Carl Sagan wrote books and TV shows about it.

4. 3. Geocentric Perspective In 400 BC, Aristotle thought the Earth was the center of the universe http://space.about.com/od/astronomerbiographies/a/aristotlebio.htm

5. 4. Heliocentric Perspective In 1543, Nicholas Copernicus was the first to say the sun not the Earth was in the center of the solar system. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg

6. 5. Variable speed Elliptical Orbits In 1610, Johannes Kepler was the first to say the planets travel in variable speed, elliptical, not circular orbits. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler

7. 6. Gravity In 1687 Sir Isaak Newton described Gravity The most important force in astronomy students.umf.maine.edu

8. 7. The First Telescope In 1611 Galileo invented the first telescope by putting 2 lenses in a tube. http://cnx.org/content/m11932/latest/

9. 8. Stars are farther away from Earth than the planets. Stars are larger than planets but the planets look larger because the stars are farther away. http://www.darkroastedblend.com/2007/01/stars-planets-scale-comparison.html

10. 9. Three Telescope Types Optical telescopes detect visible light. Radio telescopes detect Radio Waves. Telescopes in orbit around planet Earth.

11. 10. Data about Stars Astronomers get data about stars from telescopes like Mount Wilson observatory and and space probes like NASA’s IBEX http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/01/31/nasa-probe- discovers-alien-matter-from-beyond-our-solar-system/ CHARA Interferometer Array http://www.mtwilson.edu/ 60 inch Telescope That Hubble used in 1926 Mount Wilson Observatory Interstellar Boundary Explorer

12. 11. Edwin Hubble 1926 First to see the Andromeda galaxy First to say the universe is larger than just the Milky way First to discover the Red Shift First to suggest that the universe is expanding http://www.edwinhubble.com/ http://www.mtwilson.edu/

13. 12. Big Bang Theory Sir Fred Hoyle was first to use the term “Big Bang in 1949” Hoyle did not believe in the Big Bang theory. He believed in the Steady State http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hoyle

14. 13. LeMaitre and Einstein Using Einstein’s theories, George LeMaitre (left) was first to say that the universe began as a point of pure energy and expanded in all directions. http://fathernormsnotebook.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html ergy that expanded out in all directions

15. 14. Evidence of the Big Bang Red Shift Cosmic background radiation

16. 15a. Red Shift Red shift is the apparent change in the frequency of star light. Red shift shows the direction the star is moving. Red shift shows stars are moving away from Earth and from each other. Earth *

17. 15b. Red Shift Red shifted light from a source moving away from the Observer. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Redshift.png Light from a source that is not moving.

18. 16. Blue Shift Blue shifted light from a source moving towards the Observer. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Redshift.png Red shifted light from a source that is moving way from the observer.

19. 17. Doppler Effect The Doppler effect is the apparent (not real) change in the wavelength of sound or light due to the movement of the source or observer. Red Shift Blue shift Red Shift and Blue shift are examples of the Doppler effect http://physics.syr.edu/courses/CCD_NEW/seti/tutorial/measure/part8.html

20. 18. Cosmic Background Radiation In 1965 Wilson and Penzias of Bell Labs discovered a faint energy coming from space where there are no stars. http://www.bell-labs.com/history/laser/invention/cosmology.html

21. 19. Cosmic Background Radiation Leftover energy from the Big Bang? http://m.teachastronomy.com/astropedia/article/Discovery-of-the-Microwave-Background-Radiation George Gamow laid the foundations for research into the formation of elements in a big bang http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/ide as/gamow.htm

22. 20. Hubble Space Telescope (HST) http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/image.php?image=hst-above The HST, named after Edwin Hubble, is an optical Telescope in obit around the Earth. It was launched In 1990.

23. 21. A Light Year is a unit of distance. A light year is the distance light travels in one year exactly 9,460,730,472,580.8 km about 6 trillion miles about 63,241.1 astronomical units about 0.306601 parsecs

24. 22. Light years measure galaxies. Light years are used to measure distances inside galaxies.

25. 23. The Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way Galaxy is 100,000 light years wide

26. 24. Parallax Shift Parallax shift is used to measure the distance between galaxies. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/kids_space/star_dist.html

27. 25. Parallax Shift Rule The smaller the shift the farther away the star. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/kids_space/star_dist.html

28. 26. Stars in a Galaxy Galaxies contain billons of stars. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=milky+way+galaxy&btnG=Search Stars are held in galaxies by gravitational forces.

29. 27. Galaxy Classification Hubble was first to classify galaxies by their shape: http://www.seds.org/messier/irre.html Spiral elliptical irregular

30. 28. Three Galaxy Shapes http://www.seds.org/messier/irre.html Spiral elliptical irregular

31. 29. The Milky Way Galaxy Spiral Shape Our Solar system is 2/3 of the way from middle on 1 arm I-------100,000 light years---------I

32. 30. Interstellar Matter Atoms of gas and dust that exists between stars. Interstellar Matter http://www.astro.uiuc.edu/~kaler/sow/polaris-t.html

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35. 33. What comes from Stars? Light and heat waves and solar wind particles Solar flares and the solar wind The Earth’s magnetic field protects the Earth from the solar wind. http://www.chabotspace.org/vsc/solar/spaceweather/curriculum/107_Magnetic%20Configuration.pdf

36. 34. Radiation Solar energy travels through space to the earth in waves called radiation. http://news.discovery.com/space/monster-waves-driving-suns-coronal-heating-110727.html

37. 35. Supernova At the end of the life of a super giant star, it explodes in the largest bang the universe has to offer. http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/supernovae.html

38. 36. Black Hole http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/blackhole.html A region in space with gravity so strong not even light can escape

39. 37. Big Bang Sir Fred Hoyle was first to use the term “Big Bang in 1949” Even though he did not believe in the Big Bang theory. He believed in Steady State. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Hoyle

40. 38. Big Bang Theory About 14.7 Billion years ago, The universe began as a point of pure energy that expanded in all directions. http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/cosmic/p_lemaitre.html

41. 38. LeMaitre and Einstein Using Einstein’s theories, George LeMaitre (left) was first to say that the universe began as a point of pure energy and expanded in all directions. http://fathernormsnotebook.blogspot.com/2010_06_01_archive.html ergy that expanded out in all directions

42. 39. The Universe is 14.7 Billion Years Old Modern astronomers estimate the age of the universe to be 14.7 billion years old.

43. 40.Nearest star to the sun Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to the sun, about 4.2 light years away.

44. 41. Proxima Centauri Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star, one of the most common types in the Milky way.

45. 42a. Proxima Centauri Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf star, red stars are old and cool.

46. 42b. Star Life Cycles A star is born when fusion starts in the core. The life cycle depends on the mass of the star. Star life cycles are shown on the (HR) diagram. The Sun Blue stars are young and hot Yellow stars are middle aged and medium Red stars are old and cooler

47. 43. Nuclear Science Nuclear science gets its name from the nucleus of the atom.

48. 44. The symbol for Radiation

49. 45. What does fusion mean? Fusion means to make, or combine.

50. 46. Where does fusion occur? Fusion occurs in stars. Fusion makes stars hot.

51. 47. What is Fusion reaction? H + H  He + energy Fusion powers the stars

52. 48. Where does Fission occur in nature? Fission occurs inside planets. Fission keeps planet earth hot.

53. 49. What does unstable mean? A large nucleus is said to be unstable when the strong nuclear force cannot hold the protons and neutrons together. http://geoinfo.nmt.edu/resources/uranium/basics.html

54. 50. Unstable metals Unstable metals are radioactive, such as Uranium and plutonium http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/200505/ proliferation/fuel_cycle.asp Uranium ore at the Meghalaya mine, north east India http://www.topnews.in/uranium-mining-may-start- meghalaya-mid2010-2251077

55. 51. The Modern Atom Model

56. 52. Alpha Decay Alpha decay is when 2 protons and 2 neutrons shoot out of the nucleus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay

57. 53. After Alpha Decay The atomic number goes down by 2 Two protons shot out of the nucleus.

58. 54. Beta Decay One neutron turns into 1 proton and one electron. The electron shoots out of the nucleus. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_decay

59. 55. After Beta Decay The atomic number goes up by 1 One neutron turns into 1 proton.

60. 56. Gamma Radiation Gamma Radiation is pure energy shooting out of the nucleus. Gamma decay does not change the the atomic number http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gamma_Decay.svg

61. 57. Gamma Energy Gamma Radiation is the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation

62. 58. Two uses of nuclear fission by people People use fission to make electricity and nuclear bombs. What is wrong with these pictures?

63. 59. Radiation and Doctors Doctors use radiation to look into the body (x-rays). Doctors use radiation to kill cancer cells (radiation therapy).

64. 60. Radiation and Food Large food distributers use radiation to make food last longer. Irradiated food has the “radura” symbol on the label.

65. 61. Radiation and Archaeologists Archaeologists are people who study ancient human civilizations. They use radioactive carbon 14 testing to determine the age of bones and plant remains.

66. The end I hope you liked it.