1. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Chapter 1 Corrections: An Overview 1

2. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Corrections Explosion Causative Factors: Causative Factors: Get-tough-on-crime laws. Get-tough-on-crime laws. Three-strikes, two-strikes, zero tolerance Three-strikes, two-strikes, zero tolerance The War on Drugs. The War on Drugs. Parole authorities’ fear of civil liability and public outcry. Parole authorities’ fear of civil liability and public outcry. The growth dynamic of the corrections boom. The growth dynamic of the corrections boom. 2

3. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Correctional Clients Prison inmates Prison inmates Probationers Probationers Parolees Parolees Offenders assigned to alternative sentencing programs Offenders assigned to alternative sentencing programs Offenders held in jails Offenders held in jails 3

4. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Careers in Corrections Growing correctional populations have led to an expanding workforce Growing correctional populations have led to an expanding workforce Uniformed officers in prisons alone estimated at more than 215,000 Uniformed officers in prisons alone estimated at more than 215,000 Including juvenile detention, probation, parole, administrators, jail personnel, and others boosts that number to nearly 750,000 nationwide. Including juvenile detention, probation, parole, administrators, jail personnel, and others boosts that number to nearly 750,000 nationwide. 4

5. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Types of Crime Felony: A serious criminal offense; specifically one punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for more than a year. Felony: A serious criminal offense; specifically one punishable by death or by incarceration in a prison facility for more than a year. Misdemeanor: A relatively minor violation of the criminal law, such as petty theft or simple assault, punishable by confinement for one year or less. Misdemeanor: A relatively minor violation of the criminal law, such as petty theft or simple assault, punishable by confinement for one year or less. Infraction: A minor violation of a state statute or local ordinance punishable by a fine or other penalty other than incarceration, or by a specified, usually very short term of incarceration. Infraction: A minor violation of a state statute or local ordinance punishable by a fine or other penalty other than incarceration, or by a specified, usually very short term of incarceration. 5

6. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Other Types of Crime Violent Crime: Interpersonal crime that involves the use of force by offenders or results in injury or death to victims, e.g. murder, rape, or robbery. Violent Crime: Interpersonal crime that involves the use of force by offenders or results in injury or death to victims, e.g. murder, rape, or robbery. Property Crime: Burglary, larceny, automobile theft, and arson, as reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reporting Program. Property Crime: Burglary, larceny, automobile theft, and arson, as reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Uniform Crime Reporting Program. 6

7. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Measuring and Reporting Crime FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program. Bureau of Justice Statistics’ National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Bureau of Justice Statistics’ National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). These can aid in projecting the need for detention and rehabilitation services and facilities. These can aid in projecting the need for detention and rehabilitation services and facilities. 7

8. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Uniform Crime Reporting Program The FBI’s annual compilation of Part I (index, or major) and Part II (non-index) crime data, based on offenses reported to police agencies across the United States. The FBI’s annual compilation of Part I (index, or major) and Part II (non-index) crime data, based on offenses reported to police agencies across the United States. The reports address major violent and property crimes as Part I offenses. The reports address major violent and property crimes as Part I offenses. Offenses not included are called Part II offenses, which do not include traffic violations. Offenses not included are called Part II offenses, which do not include traffic violations. 8

9. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Major Crimes Murder Murder Forcible Rape Forcible Rape Robbery Robbery Aggravated Assault Aggravated Assault Burglary Burglary Larceny-Theft Larceny-Theft Motor Vehicle Theft Motor Vehicle Theft Arson Arson 9

10. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Measuring Crime The FBI compiles an annual statistical tally of major crimes known to law enforcement agencies in the U.S. The FBI compiles an annual statistical tally of major crimes known to law enforcement agencies in the U.S. The number of major crimes reported per unit of population is referred to as the Crime Rate. The number of major crimes reported per unit of population is referred to as the Crime Rate. 10

11. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Crime Rates, 2006 U.S.: 3,808 offenses per 100,000 U.S.: 3,808 offenses per 100,000 Lowest since 1984 Lowest since 1984 Violent crime 474 per 100,000 Violent crime 474 per 100,000 Property crime 3,334 per 100,000 Property crime 3,334 per 100,000 Major Crimes Known to the police, Exhibit 1-5. Major Crimes Known to the police, Exhibit 1-5. 11

12. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Murder Statistics, 2006 17,034 murders 17,034 murders 5.7 per 100,000 5.7 per 100,000 78.9% of murder victims were male 78.9% of murder victims were male 90.2% of victims were 18 or older 90.2% of victims were 18 or older 47.1% of victims were white 47.1% of victims were white 50.2% of victims were black 50.2% of victims were black Almost 91% of murderers were male Almost 91% of murderers were male 54.8% of murderers were black 54.8% of murderers were black 42.8% of murderers were white 42.8% of murderers were white 12

13. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Solving and Clearing Crimes Most crimes reported to the police are not solved. Most crimes reported to the police are not solved. Clearance: An offense is considered cleared, or solved, when at least one person is charged with the offense, or a suspect has been identified and located, but circumstances prevent charges being brought. Clearance: An offense is considered cleared, or solved, when at least one person is charged with the offense, or a suspect has been identified and located, but circumstances prevent charges being brought. Clearance Rate: The number of offenses cleared divided by the number of offenses known by the police. Clearance Rate: The number of offenses cleared divided by the number of offenses known by the police. 13

14. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Other Crime Reporting Systems National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): A revision of the Uniform Crime Reports that includes many details about each reported crime that are not collected under the UCR. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS): A revision of the Uniform Crime Reports that includes many details about each reported crime that are not collected under the UCR. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS): Collects detailed information on the frequency and nature of victimization by rape, sexual assault, personal robbery, and both simple and aggravated assault. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS): Collects detailed information on the frequency and nature of victimization by rape, sexual assault, personal robbery, and both simple and aggravated assault. 14

15. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The NCVS Surveys 77,200 households. Surveys 77,200 households. Collects criminal victimization information from 134,000 household members age 12 years and older. Collects criminal victimization information from 134,000 household members age 12 years and older. Does not measure homicides or commercial crimes (e.g., store burglaries). Does not measure homicides or commercial crimes (e.g., store burglaries). Summarizes reasons given for reporting or not reporting victimization to authorities. Summarizes reasons given for reporting or not reporting victimization to authorities. 15

16. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill INSERT EXHIBIT 1-7 THE CRIME FUNNEL FROM PAGE 13 INSERT EXHIBIT 1-7 THE CRIME FUNNEL FROM PAGE 13 16

17. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Criminal Justice As Process: the process of achieving justice through the application of criminal law and through the workings of the criminal justice system. Also, the study of the field of criminal justice. As Process: the process of achieving justice through the application of criminal law and through the workings of the criminal justice system. Also, the study of the field of criminal justice. As System: the collective agencies that perform criminal justice operations, administration, and technical support functions. The basic divisions include police, courts, and corrections. As System: the collective agencies that perform criminal justice operations, administration, and technical support functions. The basic divisions include police, courts, and corrections. 17

18. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Entering the System Arraignment: An appearance in court prior to trial in a criminal proceeding. Arraignment: An appearance in court prior to trial in a criminal proceeding. Preliminary Hearing: A pre-trial hearing that may follow arraignment to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed a crime within the jurisdiction of the court. Preliminary Hearing: A pre-trial hearing that may follow arraignment to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that the accused committed a crime within the jurisdiction of the court. 18

19. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Judicial Procedures Nolle Prosequi: A prosecutor’s action to drop criminal charges after the charges have been filed. When the action is taken, a case is said to be “nolled” or “nollied.” Nolle Prosequi: A prosecutor’s action to drop criminal charges after the charges have been filed. When the action is taken, a case is said to be “nolled” or “nollied.” Nolo Contendre: To accept a penalty without admitting guilt. The judge may accept or reject the plea. Nolo Contendre: To accept a penalty without admitting guilt. The judge may accept or reject the plea. Adjudication: The process by which a court arrives at a final decision in a case. Adjudication: The process by which a court arrives at a final decision in a case. 19

20. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Sentencing Options May include: May include: Death Death Incarceration Incarceration Probation Probation Fines Fines Restitution Restitution Community Service Community Service 20

21. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Correctional Subsystem Institutional Corrections: A report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) says it is that aspect of the correctional enterprise that “involves the confinement and rehabilitation of adults and juveniles convicted of offenses against the law, and the confinement of persons suspected of a crime awaiting trial and adjudication.” Institutional Corrections: A report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) says it is that aspect of the correctional enterprise that “involves the confinement and rehabilitation of adults and juveniles convicted of offenses against the law, and the confinement of persons suspected of a crime awaiting trial and adjudication.” 21

22. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill The Correctional Subsystem - Continued Noninstitutional Corrections (also called community corrections): BJS calls this that aspect of the correctional enterprise that includes “pardon, probation, and parole activities, correctional administration not directly connectable to institutions, and miscellaneous [activities] not directly related to institutional care.” Noninstitutional Corrections (also called community corrections): BJS calls this that aspect of the correctional enterprise that includes “pardon, probation, and parole activities, correctional administration not directly connectable to institutions, and miscellaneous [activities] not directly related to institutional care.” 22

23. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Corrections All the various aspects of the pretrial and postconviction management of individuals accused or convicted of crimes. All the various aspects of the pretrial and postconviction management of individuals accused or convicted of crimes. This definition is convenient for discussion purposes but also encompasses the fourteen elements listed in the text. This definition is convenient for discussion purposes but also encompasses the fourteen elements listed in the text. 23

24. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Corrections Defined Mores: Cultural restrictions on behavior that forbid serious violations of a group’s values. Mores: Cultural restrictions on behavior that forbid serious violations of a group’s values. Folkways: Time-honored ways of doing things. Although they carry the force of tradition, their violation is unlikely to threaten the social group’s survival. Folkways: Time-honored ways of doing things. Although they carry the force of tradition, their violation is unlikely to threaten the social group’s survival. Criminal Law: body of rules that define public offenses. Criminal Law: body of rules that define public offenses. 24

25. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Professionalism Profession: An occupation granted high social status by virtue of the personal integrity of its members. Profession: An occupation granted high social status by virtue of the personal integrity of its members. Corrections Professional: A dedicated person of high moral character and personal integrity who is employed in the field of corrections and takes professionalism to heart. Corrections Professional: A dedicated person of high moral character and personal integrity who is employed in the field of corrections and takes professionalism to heart. Certification: A credentialing process, usually involving testing and career development assessment, through which the skills, knowledge, and abilities of correctional personnel can be formally recognized. Certification: A credentialing process, usually involving testing and career development assessment, through which the skills, knowledge, and abilities of correctional personnel can be formally recognized. 25

26. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Core Traits Expanded on in the text, these four traits have been identified as essential to effective work in corrections Expanded on in the text, these four traits have been identified as essential to effective work in corrections Accountability Accountability Strong Writing Skills Strong Writing Skills Effective Presentational Skills Effective Presentational Skills A Logical Mind and the Ability to Solve Problems A Logical Mind and the Ability to Solve Problems 26

27. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Standard-Setting Organizations American Correctional Association (ACA) American Correctional Association (ACA) American Probation and Parole Association (APPA) American Probation and Parole Association (APPA) American Jail Association (AJA) American Jail Association (AJA) 27

28. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Credentialing The ACA’s program for certifying officers is part of a process called credentialing. The ACA’s program for certifying officers is part of a process called credentialing. Discussed in detail in Chapter 13, ACA’s accreditation program certifies a facility’s or program’s quality through meeting industry-set standards. Discussed in detail in Chapter 13, ACA’s accreditation program certifies a facility’s or program’s quality through meeting industry-set standards. 28

29. © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Social Diversity in Corrections Race Race Racism Racism Ethnicity Ethnicity Gender Gender How these aspects of social diversity impact the field, its personnel, clients, and issues. How these aspects of social diversity impact the field, its personnel, clients, and issues. 29