1. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11 th edition Chapter 12 The Endocrine System: Glands and Hormones

2. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Endocrine System Consists of a group of glands that produce hormones Works with nervous system to control and coordinate all other body systems Affects body systems by chemical stimuli

3. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins HormonesHormones Chemical messengers with regulatory effects on cells or organs Hormones from endocrine glands are released directly into tissue fluids; not through ducts Some affect many tissues –Growth hormone –Thyroid hormone –Insulin Some affect a specific tissue (target tissue) –Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) –Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

4. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hormone Chemistry Amino acid compounds –Proteins or related compounds –All hormones except steroids Lipids –Made of fatty acids –Most are steroids, derived from the steroid cholesterol –Produced in adrenal cortex and sex glands –Prostaglandins are also lipids

5. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 12-1: What are hormones and what are some effects of hormones?

6. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: Hormones from the sex glands are made up of: a. amino acid compounds b. lipids c. proteins

7. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: b. lipids

8. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hormone Regulation Negative feedback (most common) –Endocrine gland oversecretes hormone –Tissue becomes too active –Tissue negatively effects gland to decrease secretion Positive feedback –Hormone response produces more hormone Rhythmic pattern

9. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 12-2: Hormone levels are normally kept within a specific range. What is the most common method used to regulate secretion of hormones?

10. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones Tissues other than endocrine glands also secrete hormones Brain Digestive organs Kidney

11. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The endocrine glands.

12. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Pituitary Pituitary (hypophysis) gland Master gland Releases hormones that affect working of other glands Controlled by hypothalamus

13. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and target tissues. Arrows indicate the hormones’ target issues and feedback pathways. ZOOMING IN What two structures does the infundibulum connect?

14. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Control of the Pituitary Hypothalamus Sends releasing hormones (RH) and inhibiting hormones (IH) –Hormones stimulate and suppress anterior pituitary secretions Produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin –Stored in posterior pituitary –Nerve impulses stimulate secretions

15. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 12-3: What part of the brain controls the pituitary?

16. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hormones of the Anterior Lobe Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropic Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropic Adrenocorticotropic hormone Prolactin (PRL) Gonadotropins –Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) –Luteinizing hormone (LH)

17. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hormones of the Posterior Lobe Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin

18. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 12-4: What are the hormones from the anterior pituitary? Checkpoint 12-5: What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

19. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tumors of the Pituitary Excessive number of tumor growth hormone (GH) cells in childhood –Gigantism Overactive GH-producing tumor cells in adulthood –Acromegaly Tumors that destroy secreting tissues –Underactivity

20. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Thyroid Gland Largest endocrine gland Lateral lobes on either side of larynx Connecting band (isthmus) Enclosed by connective tissue capsule

21. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hormones of the Thyroid Gland Thyroxine (T4) –Principle hormone –Increases energy and protein metabolism rate Triiodothyronine (T3) –Increases energy and protein metabolism rate Calcitonin –Regulates calcium metabolism –Works with parathyroid hormone and vitamin D

22. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Disorders of the Thyroid Gland Goiter is enlargement of thyroid gland –Simple goiter –Adenomatous or nodular goiter Hypothyroidism –Infantile hypothyroidism (cretinism) Myxedema Hyperthyroidism –Graves disease –Thyroid storm Thyroiditis –Hashimoto disease

23. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 12-6: What is the effect of thyroid hormones on cells?

24. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tests of Thyroid Function Blood tests –Uptake of radioactive iodine –Thyroid-stimulating hormone level Oral radioactive iodine to measure accumulation in thyroid

25. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Parathyroid Glands Four glands in posterior capsule of thyroid Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) –Works with calcitonin to regulate calcium metabolism

26. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Calcium Metabolism Calcium balance requires Calcitriol (dihydroxycholecalciferol) –Produced by modifying vitamin D in liver then in kidney Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin

27. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands Tetany –Inadequate production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) Fragile bones and kidney stones –Excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

28. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: Which gland secretes triiodothyronine to help increase the metabolic rate in cells? a. parathyroid b. thyroid c. adrenal

29. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer b. thyroid

30. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 12-7: What mineral is regulated by calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

31. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Adrenal Glands Two small glands on top of kidneys Each gland has two parts that act as separate glands –Medulla –Cortex

32. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hormones from the Adrenal Medulla Fight-or-flight hormones Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

33. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 12-8: The main hormone from the adrenal medulla also functions as a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system. What is the name of this hormone?

34. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hormones from the Adrenal Cortex Glucocorticoids –Cortisol or hydrocortisone Mineralocorticoids –Aldosterone Sex hormones

35. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex Addison disease –Hypofunction of adrenal cortex Cushing syndrome –Hypersecretion of cortisol Aldosteronism –Hyperfunction of adrenal cortex resulting in excess secretion of aldosterone

36. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 12-9: What three categories of hormones are released by the adrenal cortex? Checkpoint 12-10: What effect does cortisol have on glucose levels in the blood?

37. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Pancreas and Its Hormones Islets of Langerhans are specialized pancreas cells that secrete Insulin –Lowers blood sugar level –Stimulates manufacture of amino acids into protein Glucagon –Increases blood sugar

38. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 12-11: What two hormones produced by the islets of the pancreas act to regulate glucose levels in the blood?

39. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Diabetes Mellitus Most common endocrine disorder Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) –Type 1 diabetes –Less common but more severe Non—insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) –Type 2 diabetes Gestational diabetes –Usually disappears after childbirth

40. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Metabolic Syndrome Also called syndrome X or insulin-resistance syndrome Related to type 2 diabetes High state of hyperglycemia and obesity Caused by insulin resistance in combination with high plasma glyceride levels, low HDL levels, and hypertension Treated with weight loss, diet, exercise; drugs to lower blood pressure and cholesterol; drugs to lower insulin resistance

41. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 12-12: What hormone is low or ineffective in cases of diabetes mellitus?

42. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Sex Glands Ovaries and testes produce hormones to Develop sexual characteristics Maintain reproductive organs

43. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hormones of the Sex Glands Male sex hormone –Testosterone Female sex hormones –Estrogen –Progesterone

44. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 12-13: In addition to controlling reproduction, sex hormones confer certain features associated with male and female gender. What are these features called as a group?

45. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: What is the name for the male sex glands? a. gonads b. pituitaries c. testes

46. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: c. testes

47. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Thymus Gland Mass of lymphoid tissue in upper chest superior to heart Important in development of immunity Produces thymosin –Assists in maturity of T lymphocytes

48. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Pineal Gland Cone-shaped structure posterior to midbrain Produces melatonin –Influences sleep–wake cycles –Appears to delay onset of puberty

49. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Other Hormone-Producing Tissues Substances that regulate body actions are also produced by Stomach Small intestine Kidneys Brain Atria of heart Placenta

50. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: Which endocrine gland is also called the hypophysis and is known as the “master gland”? a. the pituitary gland b. the thyroid c. the pancreas

51. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: a. the pituitary gland

52. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Prostaglandins Group of hormones made by most body tissues Produced, act, and rapidly inactivated in or close to origin Constrict structures Dilate structures Promote inflammation

53. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 12-14: What are some organs other than the endocrine glands that produce hormones?

54. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hormones and Treatment Hormones are extracted from animal tissue, manufactured in the lab, or genetically engineered Growth hormone Insulin Adrenal steroids Epinephrine (adrenaline) Thyroid hormones Oxytocin Androgens Estrogen and progesterone

55. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: Which hormone is used medically to treat a severe allergy reaction (anaphylactic shock)? a. oxytocin b. insulin c. epinephrine

56. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: c. epinephrine

57. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hormones and Stress Stress response involves both nervous and endocrine system Hormones released during stress help body cope Unchecked levels of hormones can harm body

58. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 12-15: What are some hormones released in time of stress?

59. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Aging and the Endocrine System Pancreas –Adult-onset diabetes mellitus Thyroid –Decreased hormone secretion Pituitary –Decreased bone mass

60. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins End of Presentation